湖泊科学   2020, Vol. 32 Issue (1): 187-197.  DOI: 10.18307/2020.0118. 0

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XIA Manhong, DONG Shaogang, LIU Baiwei, LI Yi, LI Zhengkui, WANG Chao, ZHOU Yuze. Evolution of groundwater-lake system in typical open-pit coal mine area. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2020, 32(1): 187-197. DOI: 10.18307/2020.0118.
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2019-05-10 收稿
2019-06-22 收修改稿

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(1: 内蒙古大学生态与环境学院, 呼和浩特 010021)
(2: 内蒙古大学社会科学处, 呼和浩特 010021)

Evolution of groundwater-lake system in typical open-pit coal mine area
XIA Manhong1 , DONG Shaogang1 , LIU Baiwei2 , LI Yi1 , LI Zhengkui1 , WANG Chao1 , ZHOU Yuze1
(1: College of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P. R. China)
(2: Social Science Division, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P. R. China)
Abstract: Due to the climatic drought and a large amount of groundwater drainage, environmental geological problems such as hydrological circulation disorders, soil desertification and grassland degradation are common in open-pit coal mining areas. This study takes the Yimin open-pit coal mine area in Hulun Buir Grassland as the research object. Based on the investigation and analysis of the groundwater-lake system, this study combines hydrological, meteorological and remote sensing image data to construct the mathematics of the groundwater-lake response mechanism in the mining area. The model is used to predict and analyze the impact of mine development on lake in the area. The results show that the number of the group of lakes has changed from 5 to 2, and the total area of lakes has shrunk from 6.94 km2 to 1.12 km2 in the past 35 years of coal mining. The groundwater-lake interaction in the mining area has evolved from the type of natural groundwater recharge lake to the one of lake recharge groundwater. Based on the principle of water balance, the mathematical model of the groundwater-lake response mechanism in the mining area is established. Based on the analysis of the coupled mathematical model of groundwater and lake, it is found that under the condition of limited fluctuations of climatic factors and stable development of the mine, the largest chedaminor lake in the study area will shrink to 0.56 km2 when the mine would be closed (in the year of 2045).
Keywords: Coal mining    groundwater    lake area    groundwater-lake coupling model

1 研究区概况 1.1 地理地貌

 图 1 研究区地理地貌 Fig.1 Geographical and topographic map of the research area
1.2 气象水文

2 数据来源与处理方法

3 区域地下水湖泊关系模型 3.1 湖泊水均衡方程

 $\frac{{\partial V}}{{\partial t}} = A\left( t \right)P\left( t \right) + f\left( t \right) - A\left( t \right)E\left( t \right) - Q\left( t \right) - {W_{\rm{q}}}\left( t \right)$ (1)

3.2 草原圆台型湖泊面积与地下水位关系方程

 图 2 湖泊水体体积示意图 Fig.2 Diagram of lake water volume

 $V = \frac{1}{3}\left( {{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }} \cdot r \cdot R_1^2 \cdot {H_{\rm{A}}} - {\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }} \cdot R_2^2 \cdot {H_{\rm{B}}}} \right) = \frac{1}{3}\left( {A \cdot {H_{\rm{A}}} - B \cdot {H_{\rm{B}}}} \right)$ (2)

HA为：

 ${H_{\rm{A}}} = \frac{{{H_{\rm{B}}}}}{{\sqrt {B/A} }}$ (3)

 ${W_{\rm{q}}}\left( t \right) = \frac{{{H_{\rm{A}}}\left( t \right) - H\left( t \right)}}{M}K \cdot A\left( t \right)$ (4)
 图 3 地下水-湖泊交互关系概念示意图 Fig.3 Schematic diagram of groundwater-lake interaction

 $\frac{{\partial V}}{{\partial t}} = A\left( t \right)P\left( t \right) + f\left( t \right) - A\left( t \right)E\left( t \right) - Q\left( t \right) - \frac{{{H_{\rm{A}}}\left( t \right) - H\left( t \right)}}{M}K \cdot A\left( t \right)$ (5)

 $\begin{array}{l} \frac{{A\left( {t + \Delta t} \right)}}{{\Delta t}} = \frac{{2\sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} \left[ {P\left( t \right) - E\left( t \right)} \right]}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}}}} + 2\frac{{\sqrt B }}{{{H_{\rm{B}}}\sqrt {A\left( t \right)} }}\left[ {f\left( t \right) - Q\left( t \right)} \right]\\ - \frac{{2K\left[ {A\left( t \right){H_{\rm{B}}} - \sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} H\left( t \right)} \right]}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}} \cdot M}} \end{array}$ (6)

 $\frac{{A\left( {t + \Delta t} \right) - A\left( t \right)}}{{\Delta t}} = \frac{{2\sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} \left[ {P\left( t \right) - E\left( t \right)} \right]}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}}}} - K\frac{{2\left[ {A\left( t \right){H_{\rm{B}}} - \sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} H\left( t \right)} \right]}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}} \cdot M}}$ (7)

 $\frac{{A\left( {t + \Delta t} \right) - A\left( t \right)}}{{\Delta t}} = \\\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\frac{{2\sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} \left( {P\left( t \right) - E\left( t \right)} \right)}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}}}} + K\frac{{2\left[ {A\left( t \right){H_{\rm{B}}} - \sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} H\left( t \right)} \right]}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}} \cdot M}}, H\left( t \right) > {H_{\rm{A}}}}\\ {\frac{{2\sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} \left( {P\left( t \right) - E\left( t \right)} \right)}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}}}} - K\frac{{2\left[ {A\left( t \right){H_{\rm{B}}} - \sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} H\left( t \right)} \right]}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}} \cdot M}}, {H_{\rm{B}}} < H\left( t \right) \le {H_{\rm{A}}}}\\ {\frac{{2\sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} \left( {P\left( t \right) - E\left( t \right)} \right)}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}}}} - \frac{{2\left[ {A\left( t \right){H_{\rm{B}}}K - \sqrt {A\left( t \right)B} KM} \right]}}{{{H_{\rm{B}}} \cdot M}}, H\left( t \right) < {H_{\rm{B}}}} \end{array}} \right.\;\;$ (8)

4 结果 4.1 矿区地下水流场变化

 图 4 1982-2017年伊敏矿区地下水等水位线变化 Fig.4 Changes of groundwater levels in the Yimin mining area from 1982 to 2017

4.2 矿区湖泊面积变化

 图 5 1982-2017年伊敏矿区湖泊示意图 Fig.5 Schematic diagrams of the lakes in Yimin mining area from 1982 to 2017

5 讨论 5.1 区域地下水-湖泊补排关系演化

 图 6 气象因素(降水量和蒸发量)与湖泊面积变化 Fig.6 Changes of meteorological factors and lake area

 图 7 矿区地下水-湖泊补给类型演化 Fig.7 Evolution of groundwater-lake recharge type in mining area
5.2 矿区湖泊面积变化预测分析

 图 8 1982-2017年间柴达敏诺尔湖泊(a)和骆驼脖子草库伦湖泊(b)面积变化 Fig.8 Changes in area of Lake Chedamenor (a) and Lake Luotuobozicaoykulun (b) from 1982 to 2017

6 结论

1) 煤矿开采前研究区有5处湖泊群，开采至2000年时只存有柴达敏诺尔和骆驼脖子草库伦两处湖泊群，其他皆消失；截至2017年，湖泊总面积由采矿前的6.94 km2萎缩到1.12 km2，减少率达84 %.伊敏煤矿开采35年来，研究区湖泊数量及水体面积呈持续萎缩趋势.

2) 煤矿开采前，矿区地下水位高于湖泊水位，区内5个湖群均依赖地下水补给，属于地下水补给型湖泊；随着煤矿开采年限的增长及采矿规模的不断扩大，矿区地下水位下降至湖泊底部淤泥层以下地下水将不再补给湖泊，湖泊水面面积持续萎缩甚至消失；矿区地下水湖泊补给类型总体上由地下水补给湖泊型向湖泊补给地下水型演化.

3) 基于水均衡原理构建了草原湖泊地下水耦合模型，经检验拟合优度均达到了0.80以上，该模型能够应用于预测圆台型湖泊面积随地下水位变化情况.在气候因素波动不大，煤矿开发稳定的情况下，利用该模型预测发现，伊敏煤矿闭矿时(2045年)矿区湖泊总面积将萎缩至0.56 km2.

7 参考文献