Abstract:The situation of water environmental quality and its causation in Taihu Basin was analyzed. The experience of water environmental management in the 10^th five-year project was summarized. It is proposed that pollutant source control be implemented for a long time. Management in Taihu Basin must consider the characteristics of its plains and network of waterway. The ponderance of typical macrophytic lake ecological deterioration should be recognized. We need to optimize each technique used in lake ecological restoration and emphasize on their combination. Based on social-economic development program in Taihu Basin, we put forward our strategic thinking for the control of pollution and water remediation in the future, which was implemented successively by pollutant source control, watercourse pollutant collection, small lake and marshes regulation, estuary intensity purification, lake ecological restoration, outflowing leading, et al. All these steps could accelerate the improvement of water quality in Taihu Basin. We proposed technique combination and project demonstration of whole basin pollutant reduction and ecological restoration of representative district of drinking water sources, and also suggested the development and demonstration of water environmental management policy and supported techniques.

Abstract:Release of phosphorus from sediment of natural waters, especially from those shallow lakes, are essential process in the growth and development of algae bloom. Studies on species transformation and changes in bioavailability will be helpful in understanding geochemical cycling of phosphorus in lakes and its relation to lake eutrophication. This paper summarized the recent research progresses on phosphorus speciation, transformation, phosphorus cycling in Chinese lakes, and the relevant changes in bioavailability. Recently, special attention was given to issues such as different species in sediments in eastern China shallow lakes because there were only a few works on the lakes in the west, south and north of China. Relevant research was also less found on the brackish lakes in the plateaus or lagoons in the estuarine and coastal zones. In addition, it is a pity that no work could make a breakthrough on the methods of phosphorus fractionation. There was a little advance in the study on the transformation of phosphorus species, the assessment of phosphorus release risk and its bioavailability. For example, the pattern of phosphorus release from different types of sediments in response to pH changes was unveiled; the approaches for laboratory and in situ measurements of bioavailable forms of phosphorus were developed, as well as the relationship between acid soluble organic phosphorus species and eutrophication were proposed. In a eutrophic shallow lake, there is an interaction relationship between algal blooms and internal phosphorus release. However, this interaction is well related to human disturbance and influenced by some natural factors, e. g. hydrodynamic processes and stormy waves. Much beneficial exploration was done on the phosphorus speciation, mobilization and transformation between sediment and water interface in many lakes in China, and a lot of hypothesises as well as new methods were also proposed in recent studies, but it still need more experimental data to testify.

Abstract:Phosphate release from the core sediments of fifteen areas in Lake Taihu was simulated at different temperatures，and the phosphorus species in the sediments and seasonal variations of the relative ions，such as A1 (1H ).Fe( II ).Ca( II ) and PO^3-₄ were analyzed. The result shows that the areas affected greatly by terrestrial source are steady internal phosphorus sources in Lake Taihu. In more open areas, the physio-chemical adsorption of deposit colloid makes it weak that temperature have an influence on phosphorus release from sediment so as to produce “internal sink” of phosphorus. At sinking area in the Meiliang Bay, transnormal P demand of the local algae would be one of the most dominating reason of sink formation in addition in spring/summer seasons. There appeared source-sink transition at least once in most of the sediment areas. Chemical thermodynamic analysis reveals that Al-P dissolves more easily than Fe-P and Ca-P on the interface, which perhaps is inherent cause in respect to a marked relationship between Al-P in surface sediment and the phosphate release in Lake Taihu. Although Fe-P is considered to be a potential higher phosphorus release source，the oxidating layer formed on sediment surface and strong adsorbing media in shallow lakes, e. g. inorganic colloid and clay mineral, would be the dominant factors in Fe-P release. The net phosphorus flux, in the whole lake, was estimated about 899. 4±573.6t/a, accounting for about one quarter to half of phosphorus loadings, of which the sinking flux was approximately -91.2±42.4l/a.

Abstract:To study the technologies of ecological restoration for urban eutrophic lakes, the comparative experiments of different influence for external pollution isolating，sediment covering and macrophytes planting to the average level of water quality and the fluctuating intensity of water body were carried out in Lake Mochou of Nanjing in September 2000. The results showed that it can improve the average level of TN in a relatively short period but it is different to increase the stability of the lake ecosystem through isolating the external pollution by the soft wall； it cannot improve the average level of the water quality or increase the stability of the lake ecosystem either through isolating the internal pollution by covering the sediment； it can not only improve the average level of the water quality comprehensively, but also increase the stability of the lake ecosystem through macrophyte restoration. Further more, algae growth is not positively correlated with nutrient concentration in eutrophic lakes. In a word, to control the eutrophication of urban lakes, it should be done to restore the pristine ecosystem with macrophytes restoration associated with the priority of external pollution controlling.

Abstract:Based on the statistics data about water quantity and wulrr quality of rivers around Lake Taihu，comparing with the water quality of Lake Taihu and the calculation result ol uiisie loads of rivers around Lake Taihu, the authors get the conclusion as follows： the degrading trend of water qiialilv of the rivers has been alleviated, the water quality of Lake Taihu has been improved step by step from 2000 to 2002. However，the water quality of the rivers from Wuxi and Changzhou area is being deteriorated. The East Lake Taihu holds the best water quality in contrast with the worst water quality of Zhushan bay in the northwestern Lake Taihu. The waste loads of rivers around Lake Taihu have increased from 2000 to 2002. But for the net waste loads of rivers around Lake Taihu, different water quality index has different trend. The waste load of COD_Mn decreased but the TP and TN increased.

Abstract:Concentration of colloidal phosphorus in Lake Taihu, China, was determined in this paper. Lake water was sampled in April, 2005. Cross-flow filtration technique was applied to extract colloid from the water. The result shows that colloidal phosphorus concentration in Lake Taihu varied from 0.017 to 0.029 mg/L. In Meiliang Bay, an algae type zone, it is 0.023-0.029 mg/L; while in Gonghu Bay, a grass type zone, it is 0.017-0.022 mg/L. The colloidal phosphorus account for 28.6% of total phosphorus (TP) in Meiliang Bay, and account for 39.3% of total phosphorus (TP) in Gonghu Bay, respectively. The true-dissolved phosphorus in Meiliang Bay is four times of that in Gonghu Bay.

Abstract:Treatment of polluted river water with variations of water quality using pilot-scale Surface Flow Constructed Wetland (SFCW) in Xinyi River Floodplain,Jiangsu Province was studied in this paper. The main results show that： When the influent concentrations of COD_Mn and NH⁺ ₄ -N were 11. 69 -60. 00 mg/L and 1.37-20, 18 mg/L, the COD_Mn and NH⁺ ₄ -N removal rate of SFW which planted Lythrum salicaria, Canna indica, Typha latifolia and Scirpus locustris were 26. 44% ,40. 12% ,46. 71% ,28. 23% and 64. 27% ,70. 49% ,66. 78% ,58. 52% , respecfioely. Typha latifolia and Canna indica have stronger ability for purifying pollutants. Scirpus locustris has the strongest ability of inundation, it can resist inundation of over 22 days and still live. Lythrum salicaria has the lowest ability of inundation, it only can resist inundation of 7 days.

Abstract:According to Basic Analytical Methods of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water in China (GB3838-2002)，we used the 2002-2004 monitoring data to evaluate and characterize water quality condition of Lake Dongting, based on the application of comprehensive index methods such as Nemerow Index and Huangpu River Organic Pollution Index. The results are obtained as follows ： (1 ) The main pollutants of Lake Dongting are total phosphorus (TP)，total nitrogen (TN) and fecal coliform. (2) The mean Huangpu River Organic Pollution Index is 0. 27, indicating that the water quality does not have the black smelly phenomenon at twelve designated sections in Lake Dongting. (3) In western and southern Lake Dongting, the water pollution could be more serious during the drought water season, whereas during the normal water season in western Lake Dongting the water pollution is also bad. The water quality are generally better during the flood water season than those during normal water season. (4) Pollutants make a great contribution to the water quality of Lake Dongting； and the main sources are industrial effluents and domestic sewage. (5) The pollution condition of the main lake are not serious during 2002 -2004, while in certain water areas heavy pollution condition may occur during the drought water season. The investigations suggest that lake water quality has improved in recent years in response to changes in the land restoration of reclaimed areas and the construction of the Three Gorges Project.

Abstract:The physicochemical and biological characteristics of water were studied from 2001 to 2004 in Shuikou impoundment. The results showed ： The growth of Water Hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes) and Water Lettuce (Pis-tia stratiotes) caused the increase of concentrations of transparency、nitrate、ammonium、total nitrogen、total phosphorus and total bacteria, the decrease of the values of pH,DO,permanganate index、total plankton and species Diversity of plankton reduced, step toward miniaturization of plankton volume.

Abstract:Based on multi-proxy investigations such as grain size, content of carbonate and loss on ignition of the deep core of the ancient lake in the Heqing basin, the northwest of Yungui Plateau, it is reconstructed for a 2. 78 Ma paleoenvironmental evolution. The result of magnetic stratum indicates that the Heqing lake basin was formed at about 2.78 Ma. Further, the multi-proxy analysis reveals that there had been three major environmental stages in the Heqing basin since 2.78 Ma, namely the lake basin accumulated water to be a lake in 2.65 Ma,and the height difference between the mountains and basin increased twice at about 1.55 Ma and 0.99 Ma. These stages couples well with Qingzang movement phase B，phase C and Kunlun-Huanghe movement respectively.

Abstract:Based on the data of environmental multi-proxy of lake sediments from Core 2 in Lake Swan, one of the tail-lakes of Heihe River, the contained information of climate changes and human activities is distilled. The evolution of Lake Swan during recent 200 years is divided into 7 phases according to the information recorded by lake sediment. In each phases different factors affected the lake evolution on different levels, and the combining effect of both climate changes and human activities led evolution of Lake Swan and the environmenta changes of Ejina Oasis. The natural climate change played a leading role in the process of evolvement of Lake Swan during recent 200 years, and human activities affected the lake environment greatly especially in special periods.

Abstract:The concentration, speciation and distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) in the suspended particulate matter ( SPM) of Lake Chaohu were studied by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after sequential extraction in order to investigate the source of matters in the aquatic environment. The result shows that the total REE concentrations in SPM have a wide range with the value varying between 19. 2-174. 82 mg/kg. These concentrations in the east part of lake were clearly higher than that in the west part of lake. Shale-normalized REEs of residual fraction of SPM show the light REE enrichment pattern in the east part of lake，while it is heavy REE enrichment in the west part of lake. The results indicate that the SPM in the lake Chaohu have different materials source. The solid speciation characteristics of REE in the SPM are also very different from the east part of lake to the west part of lake. The percent of four forms of SPM obey the following order； residual > bound to Fe-Mn oxides >> adsorbed-exchangeable-carbonate (AEC) or bound to organic matter in the east part of lake Chaohu, and Fe-Mn oxides > residual >> AEC or bound to organic matter in the west part of lake Chaohu. It is because the pollution intensity has a decreasing tend from the west part to the east part of the lake. The speciation characteristics of REE in SPM may can as a new indicator of water pollution.

Abstract:According to systematic research on the phytolith fossils of core Nanlin in the Lake Chaohu，the phytoliths in the area can be divided into six zones. Based on changes in the main components in the phytolith zones and principal components analysis，the evolution of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate since the middle Holocene is reconstructed. There are three cold periods (5600 -5200 aBP，4600-3600 aBP, 2500-2100 aBP ) and three warm periods (5200-4600 aBP，3600-2500 aBP ,2100-1800 aBP ) since 5600 aBP. The environment changes of each period in the Lake Chaohu area were discussed compared with other areas.

Abstract:We analyzed the characteristics of organic matter TOC, TN and δ¹³ C value and sand sediment grain size from samples of Jianghan Plain and discussed its relationship with climatic circumstance. The results show that: the TOC and TN of the organic materials in sediments are higher, but the δ¹³ C are lower and grain sizes are coarser during warmer and wetter climatic episodes, On the other hand, during colder and dryer climatic episodes, the TOC and TN contents in sediments are lower. The δ¹³ C are lower and grain sizes are finer. With the results we reconstructed the evolution sequence of paleoclimate in Jianghan Plain region since 9000 aBP. It has four stages as follows: 8900-6070 aBP, warm and wet; 6070-4600 aBP, cold and dry; 4600-2500 aBP, warm and wet; 2500-500 aBP, cool and dry.

Abstract:The genetic relationships among Euglena strains remain poorly understood, despite a rich history of morphological examination and an extensive phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal RNA genes. It is difficult to identify related species of the genus Euglena and to separate different strains of the same species because the morphological characters are variable and limited. We address this question using microsatellite DNA fingerprinting. Seven microsatellite loci were amplified from 7 Euglena strains. A total of 4-8 bands were successfully amplified for each of 6microsatellite primer pairs. Microsatellite DNA fingerprinting and similarity values ranging from 0.000 to 0.957 a-mong the seven strains were obtained, which were used to construct a similarity tree among them. According to the tree, at the linkage distance of 0.9346 seven strains were separated into three clusters: E. mutabilis, E. intermedia and E. gracilis consisting of Japanese and USA groups. Further, in the cluster E. gracilis, different genotypes were recognized for the strains from different geographical origins. The relationships among species and strains were analyzed preliminarily. We demonstrates that the seven strains of Euglena can be clearly separated by their microsatellite DNA fingerprinting patterns. The microsatellite DNA fingerprinting has a high resolution and is a new useful method to identify and separate similar species and intraspecific strains in free-living protozoa.

Abstract:Examination of L.anguillarum (6 strains：HQ010516A-1 to HQ010516A-6) which were isolated from liver of naturally infected crab (Eriocheir sinensis L. ) was conducted including the morphological characteristics, main physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence was detected and phylogenetic analysis was constructed. In the same time，artificial infection experiment of representative strain (HQ010516A-1) to healthy crab was conducted, the results showed corresponding pathogenicity of the strain. The tests of antibiotic sensitivity of 3 strains to used 37 antimicrobial agents showed that all strains were sensitive or high sensitive to 29 agents including cefotaxime et al. ( Diameter of the zones of inhibition was 16-40 mm)，were slight sensitive to 3 agents including cefazolin et al. ( Diameter of the zones of inhibition was 10-12 mm)，were resistant to 5 agents including penicillin G et al. ( There was no zones of inhibition).

Abstract:This paper investigated community structure，density and diversity of small-sized fish with seine in Lake Niushan,Hubei Prowince. 14 species were collected. Cultrichthys erythropteras, Taxabramis swinhonis, Pseudoras-bora parva, and Acheilognathinae, including Rkodeus ocellatus, R. lighti and Paracheilognathus imberbis, were the dominant species. Majority of small-sized fishes were one year old. The density of small-sized fishes in the seine was about 5. 8 ind/m² or 14. 0 g/m². Diversity of fish community in the seine was low. The diversity index(H^,)， dominance index(A) and evenness index(J^,) of small-sized fish community were 1. 802，0. 484 and 0. 503 respectively. The macrophyte played an important role in determining the distribution of fish community. The biomass of small-sized fishes in the macrophyte regions was significantly higher than it in the regions without macrophyte. There was no significant effect of depth and transparence on the distribution of small-sized fish community in the Lake Niushan. Small-sized fish can be use reasonably, in order to increase economic and ecological benefit, through optimizing fish community structure and enhancing piscivorous fish.

Abstract:A total of 37 species of fishes belonging to 32 genera and 15 families were collected and identified in Lake Fuxian from March 2004 to July 2005. Among them, 14 species belonged to indigenous fishes and 4 species were endemic to this lake. The main fishes in the catch were Neosalanx taihuefisis Chen, Spinibarbus yunnanensis Tsu, Silurus grahami (Regan)，Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ( Richardson) and Carassius auratus auratus ( Linnaeus). There were great changes on community structure of fish fauna in Lake Fuxian,and the resources of the indigenous fishes such as Anabarilius grahami (Regan) decreased severely. Compared with ihe survey of fish species made in 1995，11 indigenous species were not collected in Lake Fuxian, while 5 species were found at first.

Abstract:Concept of watershed data model is from geodatabase. Watershed data model is the description of meaning ，behavior and role of features in a watershed，which demanded by integrated watershed modeling and management. Taking the Xitiaoxi watershed，which is located in the upper reaches in Taihu Basin，as a case study, the drainage was divided into three types： watershed, flood control area and polder. Different stream-lake networks were constructed in these three drainage types: tree type stream-lake network, which include lake ( reservoir)， Dou, stream，hydrological points, in nature drainage ( watershed)； nel type stream-lake network，which include flood control area, polder, lake, wetland，canal, stream and hydrological points，in artificial drainage. If the scale of drainage is selected suitably, any complex water network in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangzte River can be described by these two type stream-lake network. Features included in any of drainage type and relationships of each other were constructed in this paper, which can be helpful for watershed data model construction in China.