Abstract:The detailed studies were carried out on the lacustrine sediments from both the Lake Erhai and the Lake Yangzonghai, concerning the lacustrine responses towards the atmospheric pollution. Based on magnetic and biological proxies, as well as comparing acidification theory of surface water with naturally-acidified lakes, it is being revealed that anomaly synchronic increase on both the total degree of mineralization and anion SO₄^2- are indicators of lake affected by acid deposition. Low frequency magnetic susceptibility (), anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM), and the changes of the concentration and species of ostracoda and diatom preserved within the lacustrine sediment could be used as indicating proxies, because of their sensitivity towards atmospheric pollution on the lake, including pollution history, its process and its effect on the environment.

Abstract:Erhai Lake, formed by faults, is the second largest freshwater lake on the northwestern Yunnan Plateau, southwestern of China. The area is influenced by southeast monsoon (from Bengal Gulf), the precipitation between March and October accounted for 70%-90% of a year. A nnual average temperature is 15.1℃. ES core with a length of 6.62m was taken from the deep-water area in the northern part of the lake basin in April, 2001. Based on the analysis of high resolution and multi-environmental proxies of this core, including AMS dating, pollen-spore, grain size, alga and carbon fragment, eleven phases of climatic and environmental changes have been identified. As a result, the regional paleoclimate and paleoenvironment are reconstructed over the past 10000 years. Four global cold events were well recorded, which happened in 9.9kaBP, 8.5kaBP, 7.1kaBP and 5.1kaBP. These cold events can be compared to those happened in different parts of the world. The period from 6.8kaBP to 5.5kaBP was the optimum period with wet and warm climate in Holocene. Obvious human activities began from 2.4kaBP in this region.

Abstract:The changes of grainsize of the core QH-2000 have been studied in the different stages of palaoclimatic evolution indicated by pollen analysis in Qianghai Lake. The results show that the coarse grain obviously increases in the sediments formed in the conditions of cold-dry and warm-moist climate and the grain variation is relatively little in the sediments formed between these two climate conditions. The fluctuating characteristics of the grainsize in the core QH-2000 indicate that the melting of the glacier began at ca. 14300 aBP during the Late glacial, and the glacier melting was large during the B lling warm period and ended at the late B lling warm period viz. ca. 12000 aBP. The Younger Dryas and the 8200 aBP cold and dry event were abrupt. After the Holocene Megathermal, the climate fluctuated largely and frequently from warm to cold and from moist to dry with the climate type being changed. The composition of the grainsize between 2100 to 0 aBP by any possibility bears some relation to human activities.

Abstract:Bioavailable P (BAP) in agricultural runoff represents P potentially available for algal uptake and consists of soluble P (SP) and a variable portion of particulate P (PP). Runoff and soil losses from agricultural fields were investigated as major nonpoint sources of phosphorus(P) entering Guanting Reservoir, Beijing. There is relatively little information on bioavailable P transport from cropland of Guanting watershed. Soil and bioavailable P in surface runoff from a series of plots in the waershed were evaluated under simulated rainfall conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of rainfall intensity, slope, crop cover, and fertilizer application on bioavailable P concentrations in surface runoff and eroded soil. Accumulated sediment yields varied from 305.1 to 24933.4g/10m², depending on rainfall intensity, slope, crop cover, and fertilizer application. Weighted average concentrations of soluble P(SP) and particulate bioavailable P (BPP) were much higher than 0.02mg/L,the limiting concentration for lake (reservoir) water. This result showed the potential contamination of reservoir water from agricultural surface runoff. Accumulated BAP losses were 0.08-4.804g/10m² for croplands. The estimated annual loss of BAP was more than 0.49kg/hm² per year for croplands in Guanting watershed. Most of BAP loss was in the PP form, which accounted for more 79.7% of BAP loss from cropland. The large amount of BPP may constitute a long-term source of potentially bioavailable P in Guanting Reservoir.

Abstract:In the paper, concentrations of 18 persistent organochlorinated pesticides in 12 water samples from Guanting Reservoir/Yongdinghe River Watershed, Beijing, were analyzed by using gas chromatography and electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Pentachloro-nitrobenzene (PCNB) was used as internal standard and 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-m-xylene (TMX) and PCB-209 were used as surrogate. The method recoveries were ranged from 85% to 110%,with a standard d eviation less than 10%. Persistent organic pollutants, such as HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor were detected in the waters. Among 13 sampling locations, the total concentrations of 13 pesticides under investigation ranged from 4.2-96.9 ng/L. Among the 13 pesticides, concentration of HCHs and DDTs were 0.09-53.5ng/L and nd-46.8 ng/L, respectively. In comparison with concentrations of HCHs in other rivers in China, concentration of HCHs in this watershed were lower than those found in the Zhujiang River (Pearl River), Songhuajiang River, Haihe River and Baiyangdian Catchments and similar to those found in the Yangtze River and middle reaches of the Liaohe River. Concentrations of DDTs in this w atershed were higher than those found in the Zhujiang River and Haihe River and silimar to those found in the Yangtze River and Jiulongjiang River. The origins of organochlorinated pesticides in the watershed were investigated according to the geographical distribution and the isomers characteristics for HCHs and metabolites of DDTs. The ratios of a-HCH to g-HCH were ranged from 0.29-1.38 and indicated the new pollution sources in the watershed, for example the continual application of lindan. The origin of DDTs should come from industrial sources along the Yanghe River. For example, factories manufacturing organochlorinated pesticides in recent years could discharge wastewater-containing DDTs into the river. Our results showed that there were historical residues and recent discharges of organochlorinated pesticides into the watershed.

Abstract:At present, the water pollution has become a severe problem in the Taihu Basin. The water scarcity caused by pollution has annually reached to 2-3.5 billions m³ in the basin. The water pollution will be a big problem in the next few decades, which may affect the sustainable socio-economic development in the Taihu Basin. On the base of water pollution control in the Taihu Basin, it is suggested that the Yangzhe River, Taihu Lake and the reservoirs in the mountainous area in the upper reaches should be chosen as the main drinking water sources in the long term and more clean water from River Yangtze into Taihu Lake be diverted in order to meet the need of supplying enough water with better quality. It is also suggested to discharge the wastewater from the basin to the East Sea and Hangzhou bay after the secondary treatment.

Abstract:This study investigated the discharge character and intensity of main pollutants as TN, TP and COD_Mn etc. by industrial manufactories in Liyang City, Jiangsu Province of Taihu basin. The manufactories were included the 18 typical vocations such as chemical engineering, textile and so on. The discharge coefficients of pollutant over products of 10000 yuan and the annual discharge pollutant loads of main industry vocations in Liyang City were calculated. The total annual discharge amounts of TN, TP, COD_Mn are 479.9 t, 40.8 t and 1529.7 t by industrial vocations in the city, respectively, equivalent to 2%-3% of external source pollutant loads in Taihu Lake. The discharge coefficients of pollutant over products of 10000 yuan that produced by papermaking, printing and dyeing, chemical engineering and textile industry are extremely higher than others. The evidence has been found that pollutant discharge intensity at the industrial waste streams that w as monitored in the nighttime was usually higher than those in the daytime.

Abstract:Bosten Lake is the biggest fresh-water inland lake in China, and it is the very important natural and economic resource in Xinjiang, the arid inland of China. With the development and utilization on a large scale during the past 50 years, the lake has significantly created social and economical profits. Meanwhile, the environment issues are becoming more and more serious. The ecosystem and biodiversity in the watershed can be protected through the implement of conservation engineering and the enhancement of integrated adjustment.

Abstract:We studied cysts and nauplii of 15 bisexual Artemia strains from Shanxi, Inner Mongonia and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China by using the method of numeric taxonomy. Through cluster analysis, cysts and nauplii of Qinghai-xizang Plateau were well separated from other strains. Compared with other strains, cysts of Artemia strains from Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are big, and their shells are thick with the color of purplish red, which are the adaptations to the plateau special environments. Both cyst and nauplius of Lagkor Co are the biggest ever recorded for both bisexual and parthenogenetic species.

Abstract:Four lakes with different pollution state (mesotrophic, meso-eutrophic and eutrophic) were studied and compared over a period of one year for the community structure and biodiversity of zoobenthos. Considerable differences in zoobenthos species compositon, dominant species, abundance, biomass and diversity index were observed. The results showed the higher pollution state of lake, the smaller species number, biodiversity based on Margalef index and Shannon-Wiener index. Inversely, zoobenthos density increased with the aggravation of lake pollution on the whole. Ecological characteristics of environmental indicators were also discussed. The density of the oligochaete Tanypus chinensis was positively correlated with the state of lake pollution. A negative correlation was apparent between the number of species, density and the pollution level. These results indicated that a clear decrease in biodiversity should be attributed to water pollution.

Abstract:The community structure of Rotifera and ecological assessment of water quality, including species composition, population dynamics, standing crops and indicator organisms, E/O and Q_B/T index, was studied in a large, deep lake, Qianda Lake, Zhejiang Province. After one-year monitoring in situ, 70 species of Rotifera were found, 41 species were pollution indicator species, of which oligo-β mesosaprobic, mesosaprobic and β-α mesosaprobic species accounted for 415%, 36. 5% and 22. 0% of the total indicator species, separately. In terms of annual average density, the dominant species were Keratella cochlearis, Trichocerca similis and Polyarthra trigla, which accounted for 59.2% total density. Asplanchna spp. accounted for 56.5% of total biomass. The annual average density of Rotifera was 103 ind./L, and biomass was 0.069mg/L. Except for Keratella cochlearis, which form stable population, the density distribution of other dominant species were varied temporarily from station to station, such as Schizocerca diversicornis density reached 800ind./L at station Ⅱ in May, Trichocerca similis density reached 1000ind./L at station Ⅲ in July, and Keratella cochlearis density reached 560ind./L at Ⅵ station in September. Biomass changes in space and times were determined by Asplanchna spp, the higher biomass at station Ⅰ and Ⅱ in May, reached 0.169 mg/L and 0.275 mg/L, separately. The ranges of E/O values in Qiandao Lake were 0.29-0. 62(0.46 on average), and the ranges of Q_B/T values were 0.17-1.50(0.68 on average). The regression analysis showed that the transparency of lake water had negative linear relationships with E/O value (r²=0. 7182) and Q_B/T value(r²=0.7747). The characteristics of Rotifera community in Qiandao Lake showed the rich species number and low density, biomass and Q_B/T value compared with other large shallow lakes in China. Furthermore, biological assessment of water pollution and trophic condition were evaluated by species indicators, biotic index of E/O and Q_B/T. The trophic type of Qiandao Lake could be regarded as oligo- mesosaprobic, of which station, Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅴ were considered as β-mesosaprobic, while others were considered as oligo- mesosaprobic.

Abstract:The growth of the freshwater shrimp (M. nipponensis) was studied by the month age. Samples were collected from Wuhu Lake from September 1998 to September 1999. From July to January, its growth is isometric growth, but from February to June, it is allometric growth. The relationship between body weight and body length is fitted to power function. In the period from July to January, the value of b is near to 3, but it is obviously smaller than 3 in the p eriod from February to June. The formulas are respectively:1-7 month age old:W_♂=0.0148L^3.2419 (r=0.9978, n=390) W_♀=0.0206L^3.0117 (r=0.9968, n=372) 8-12 month age old:W_♂=0.0857L^2.1788(r=0.9854, n=188) W_♀=0.145L^1.8165 (r=0.9974, n=278). We tried to use Von Bertalanffy and Logistic equations to fit the growth law of the shrimp. In each stage, the respective equations of growth of the body length and body weight of M. nipponensis are:1-7 month age old:♂:L_t=5.374[1-e^{-0.4727(t+0.6009)}](r=0.9835,n=390) W_t=3.4429[1-e^{-0.4727(t+0.6009)}]^3.2419 (r=0.9835, n=390) ♀:L_t=5.86/(1+e^{0.3738-0.3806t})(r=0.9804,n=372) W_t=5.30/(1+e^{2.5143-0.4355t})(r=0.9705, n=372) 8-12monthly old:♂:L_t=7.24/(1+e^{0.1372-0.1126t})(r=0.9822,n=188) W_t=9.50/(1+e^{1.6885-0.1012t})(r=0.9901,n=188) ♀:L_t=6.65/(1+e^{0.2620-0.1375t})(r=0.9910,n=278) W_t=6.40/(1+e^{1.3621-0.1045t}) (r=0.9837, n=278).

Abstract:Purifying the water of culturing Pseudobagrus fulvidraco(Richardson) fry by using submerged plant Elodea Nuttalli and Hydrilla Verticiullata, two kinds of ecosystems which compounded with submerged plant and fish co-cultured were made, one is non exchanged water aquarium (static water), the other is exchanging water aquarium (dynamic water). The water quality index and the fry survival rate in the aquarium were tested and compared. The results show as follows:(1) the water is good in co-cultured submerged plant-fish aquarium and the fry is growing well. After 5 weeks feeding, the water quality index in the dynamic system are:DO (dissolved oxide) ≥ 8.0mg/L, NH₄⁺-N (total ammonia nitrogen) ≤ 0.34mg/L, COD (chemical oxygen demand) ≤ 18mg/L. SS (solid suspend grain) ≤ 12mg/L, the fry survival rate is 93.3%, and in the static system, the water quality index are:DO ≥ 7.5mg/L, NH₄⁺-N ≤ 0.92mg/L,COD ≤ 28mg/L, SS ≤ 20mg/L, the fry survival rate is 60%.(2) As contrast aquarium (without planting submerged plant), in the dynamic system, the water quality index are:DO ≥ 4.0mg/L, NH₄⁺-N ≤ 2.41mg/L,COD ≤ 66mg/L,SS ≤ 51mg/L, the fry survival rate is 66.7%, and in the static water the water quality worsened during the fry rearing, the water quality index are:DO ≥ 2.5mg/L. NH₄⁺-N ≤ 3.22mg/L,COD ≤ 88mg/L, SS ≤ 55mg/L, the fry survival rate is 60%. the fry survival rate is only 6.7%.

Abstract:Because of the shortcomings of traditional methods of developing GIS, the author brought forward an evolving method:the improved prototyping to develop GIS that included the efficient management of structure based life cycle method and the fast development of prototyping. In the development, the risk evaluation is imported to control the prototype evolving times and each time of evolving would include all steps of structure based life cycle method. At last, we have used this method to develop the environment GIS of Wuxi, located in Taihu Lake catchment. After getting the primary requirements of users, we started to design the first prototype. Then interacting with the users, the evolving of prototype would be controlled by risk evaluation. After 3 times, we got the final product. Groping for the efficient way to develop EGIS would urge the environment management into a new information era.