南亚热带水库浮游植物群落特征及丝状蓝藻优势驱动因素研究:以广西大王滩水库为例
doi: 10.18307/2025.0611
鲍航通1 , 李一平1 , 赵国理2 , 李荣辉3 , 朱雅1 , 余敏2 , 潘海平2 , 王亚宁1 , 王璨1 , 王楚尔1 , 黄旭升4
1. 河海大学环境学院,浅水湖泊综合治理与资源开发教育部重点实验室,南京 210098
2. 广西壮族自治区大王滩水库管理处,南宁 530200
3. 广西大学土木工程与建筑学院,南宁 530004
4. 广西壮族自治区水利科学研究院,南宁 530023
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(52039003,52079033)和国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3208900)联合资助
Phytoplankton community structure and driving factors of filamentous cyanobacteria dominance in south subtropical reservoirs: A case study of Dawangtan Reservoir, Guangxi
Bao Hangtong1 , Li Yiping1 , Zhao Guoli2 , Li Ronghui3 , Zhu Ya1 , Yu Min2 , Pan Haiping2 , Wang Yaning1 , Wang Can1 , Wang Chuer1 , Huang Xusheng4
1. Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098 , P.R.China
2. Dawangtan Reservoir Management, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530200 , P.R.China
3. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004 , P.R.China
4. Guangxi Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanning 530023 , P.R.China
摘要
大王滩水库是南亚热带地区典型的大型饮用水水源地,因富营养化导致的蓝藻优势及水华对供水安全构成主要威胁,明确水库浮游植物群落特征以及蓝藻优势的驱动因子,对水华防控和水库供水安全管理具有重要意义。于2021年对大王滩水库水环境和浮游植物群落开展季度调查,探讨浮游植物群落季节动态及丝状蓝藻优势形成的驱动因子。结果表明,水库浮游植物由7门127种组成,种类上以绿藻门、硅藻门和蓝藻门为主,归属于26个功能群;浮游植物细胞密度范围为1.2×106~430×106 cells/L,表现为秋季>春季>冬季>夏季,生物量在0.14~51 mg/L之间,表现为秋季>冬季和春季>夏季;优势属为蓝藻门的泽丝藻(Limnothrix)和假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena),S1功能群为长期优势功能群。水库综合营养状态指数介于36.02~49.57之间,表明水库处于中营养状态。Mantel检验和冗余分析(RDA)表明,水温、透明度和氮浓度是影响丝状蓝藻优势形成的显著解释变量,丝状蓝藻绝对优势出现在透明度和氮浓度较低而水温较高的秋季,为泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻水华高风险时期。结合功能群分析表明,大型水库浑浊环境是丝状蓝藻优势形成的重要原因,秋季水温及营养条件处于泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻的生长适宜范围,是其大规模增殖的关键驱动因素。在泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻等丝状蓝藻的威胁下,我们应关注水库水体浊度、色度升高的原因,以提高水体透明度限制丝状蓝藻的优势形成。
Abstract
Dawangtan Reservoir is a typical large drinking water source reservoir in the south subtropical region. Cyanobacterial dominance and algal blooms caused by eutrophication pose major threats to its water supply security. Understanding the characteristics of the phytoplankton community and the driving factors behind cyanobacterial dominance is of great significance for algal bloom prevention and the management of reservoir water supply safety. A quarterly investigation of the aquatic environment and phytoplankton community in the Dawanqtan Reservoir was conducted in 2021 to explore the seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton community and the driving factors behind the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria. The results indicated that the phytoplankton in Dawangtan Reservoir comprised 127 species from 7 phyla, with Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Cyanophyta being the dominant groups in terms of species composition, belonging to 26 functional groups. The phytoplankton cell density ranged from 1.2×106 to 430×106 cells/L, exhibiting the order of autumn > spring > winter > summer, while the biomass ranged from 0.14 to 51 mg/L, with the order of autumn > winter and spring > summer. The dominant genera were Limnothrix and Pseudanabaena, and the functional group S1 was the long-term dominant functional group. The comprehensive trophic level index (TLI) of the reservoir ranged between 36.02 and 49.57, indicating a mesotrophic state. Mantel tests and redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that water temperature, transparency, and nitrogen concentration were significant explanatory variables influencing the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria. The absolute dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria occurred in Autumn, characterized by lower transparency and nitrogen concentration but higher water temperature, representing a high-risk period for blooms of Limnothrix and Pseudanabaena. Combined with functional group analysis, the results indicate that the turbid environment of large reservoirs is an important factor promoting the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria. In Autumn, water temperature and nutrient conditions fall within the optimal range for the growth of Limnothrix and Pseudanabaena, serving as key drivers for their massive proliferation. Given the threat posed by filamentous cyanobacteria such as Limnothrix and Pseudanabaena, attention should be paid to the causes of increased turbidity and water color in reservoirs to improve water transparency and thereby limit the formation of filamentous cyanobacterial dominance.
浮游植物是水生态系统的初级生产者和食物链基础环节[1],其群落结构对水环境变化敏感[2]。水环境变化直接驱动浮游植物的种类组成及优势种改变[3-5],而浮游植物群落结构的改变会通过食物链影响浮游动物和鱼类的变化[6-7],进而对水生态系统的结构和功能产生影响。蓝藻是淡水浮游植物群落的主要组成部分,由于蓝藻能够产生多种次生代谢物(包括肝毒素、神经毒素和皮肤毒性化合物),威胁人类健康,削弱生态系统功能并危及供水安全[8],因此,研究浮游植物群落变化尤其是蓝藻优势形成机制,对于保障水质和水生态系统健康具有重要意义。
全球湖库常见的优势蓝藻有以微囊藻(Microcystis)为代表的非丝状蓝藻和以长孢藻(Dolichospermum)、尖头藻(Raphidiopsis)、假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena)等为代表的丝状蓝藻[9]。太湖[10]、巢湖[11]、滇池[12]等浅水湖泊以非丝状微囊藻为常见优势水华蓝藻,而我国南亚热带地区水库以丝状蓝藻长期占据优势。例如,陈飞等[13]和朱忆秋[14]的研究发现,在南亚热带地区67座水库中主要优势种包括尖头藻、假鱼腥藻和泽丝藻(Limnothrix)等丝状蓝藻;Lei等[15]研究发现,在华南地区25座水库中,丝状蓝藻(尖头藻和泽丝藻)占主导地位;此外,孙瑞欣等[16]对广东鹤地水库的研究显示,库区全年浮游植物细胞密度以蓝藻门为主,其中丝状蓝藻尖头藻的全年优势度在0.43~0.70之间。不同于微囊藻主要在富营养水体中占据优势[17],多数丝状蓝藻对低营养盐具有较强的耐受性[18],因此其优势形成机制更为复杂[19]。陈玉茹等[20]研究发现,丝状蓝藻的优势受水温和总氮的影响显著;Lu等[21]和Yang等[22]的研究发现,丝状蓝藻的优势与水温和营养物质之间存在密切关系;陈飞等[13]发现优势丝状蓝藻生物量与透明度、硝态氮和pH有关,而非丝状蓝藻生物量与透明度和总磷有关;Gao等[23]的研究发现,水温升高、无机氮与总磷之比降低显著影响了丝状蓝藻的生长,而光可利用性可能改变优势蓝藻之间的竞争结果;Napiórkowska-Krzebietke等[24]的研究揭示,丝状蓝藻的优势主要受温度升高驱动,同时丝状蓝藻对氮、磷营养盐的富集能力、对低光照环境的适应性及对浮游动物捕食压力的抵抗机制也在其生长过程中发挥重要作用。目前,关于南亚热带水库中丝状蓝藻长期占据优势而非微囊藻占据优势的成因尚不清晰,因此,针对南亚热带水库中优势丝状蓝藻的发生机制及其与环境因子变化的响应关系,以及丝状蓝藻与微囊藻之间竞争的动态仍需进一步深入研究。
大王滩水库是广西壮族自治区南宁市最大的饮用水源地水库,地处热带和亚热带的过渡区域,其所在纬度位置与多数南亚热带水库(如广东流溪河水库[25]、新丰江水库[26]和大镜山水库[27]等)相近,与这些水库也有相似的气候环境。大王滩水库曾受到工业、农业和养殖业等多重污染影响,尽管自2013年全库区清理后水质有所改善,但富营养化问题仍较为突出,近年来丝状蓝藻优势和水华现象的频繁出现,已成为南亚热带地区水库的典型特征。本研究以大王滩水库为研究对象,通过解析浮游植物群落结构与水环境因子的关系,探讨影响泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻等丝状蓝藻长期占据优势的关键因素。本研究结果既可为大王滩水库管理提供科学依据,也为我国南亚热带地区水库丝状蓝藻水华防控提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 研究区域概况与采样点位设置
大王滩水库(22°18′~22°36′N,108°09′~108°22′ E)位于广西壮族自治区南宁市良庆区,建于1958年,1960年投入运行,属于珠江水系、八尺江中游。水库集雨面积为907 km2,涉及范围南北长55 km、东西宽35 km,总库容为6.38亿 m3,正常蓄水位对应水域面积为38.4 km2,多年平均流量为17.2 m3/s,多年平均水深为16.7 m,最大水深为29.0 m,4—11月处于热分层稳定期,12—2月处于热分层消亡期。大王滩水库是以灌溉为主,兼发电、供水的大Ⅱ型水库,同时也是广西重要的饮用水源地之一,流域内土地利用类型以林地(桉树)为主,约占总面积的70%。本研究于2021年12月(冬季)以及2022年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)开展4次水质和浮游植物采样,具体采样点位见图1
1大王滩水库采样点位分布
Fig.1Distribution of sampling sites in Dawangtan Reservoir
1.2 样品采集及测定
现场采用多参数水质分析仪(EXO2,YSI)测定水温(WT)、pH值、溶解氧(DO),采用Secchi盘法测定透明度(SD)。每个采样点采用有机玻璃采水器取表层(0.5 m)1 L水样,现场加入15 mL鲁哥试剂固定,带回实验室静置、沉淀48 h后利用虹吸法将上清液吸出,定容至30 mL,存放在样品瓶中,用显微镜进行浮游植物鉴定和计数[28]。浮游植物生物量由各种属细胞密度进行体积转换得到[29];取水样500 mL冷藏避光带回实验室,采用《水质叶绿素a的测定分光光度法》(HJ 897—2017)测定叶绿素a浓度。取1 L水样,加入硫酸使水样pH≤2,随后装入低温保存箱中,冷藏带回实验室,参照《水和废水监测分析方法》[30]测定总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)。采样期间降雨数据采用国家气象科学数据中心(https://data.cma.cn/)南宁站(59431)基本气象观测数据。
1.3 数据处理
采用传统形态学分类和功能群归类相结合的方法对浮游植物进行分类[31],以降低分析预测过程的不确定性[32-33]。浮游植物物种(或功能群)在不同季节的优势度(Y)计算方法如下:
Y=Ni/Nfi
(1)
(2)
式中,Ni为第i种浮游植物物种(或功能群)的细胞个数,N为浮游植物总细胞个数,fi为第i种物种(或功能群)出现的频率,ki为第i种物种(或功能群)在单组调研中不同采样点检出的频数,n′为单组调研中采样点点位总数,当Y>0.02时,该类即为优势属(或类群)[34]。依据观测的细胞形态并参考文献[13],将优势蓝藻划分为丝状蓝藻(形态为圆柱形或条形丝状)和非丝状蓝藻,具体分类情况见表1。鉴于具有固氮异形胞类型的蓝藻细胞密度相对较低,且其可能对分析结果产生潜在干扰,本研究整合优势丝状蓝藻中的非固氮类型,将其归类为“丝状蓝藻”进行后续分析。
浮游植物多样性指数计算公式如下[35-37]
Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数(H′)计算公式为:
(3)
Simpson多样性指数(D)计算公式为:
D=1-Σi=1SNi/N2
(4)
Pielou均匀度指数(J)计算公式为:
(5)
式中,S 为浮游植物种类数,Ni为第i种的个体数,N为所有种类的总个体数。
综合营养状态指数(TLI(Σ))是评价湖泊富营养化程度的指标,参照《湖泊(水库)富营养化评价方法及分级技术规定》进行计算[38]
TLI(Σ)=Σj=1mWjTLI(j)
(6)
式中,TLI(j)代表第j种参数的营养状态指数,Wj为第j种参数的营养状态指数的相关权重。当TLI(Σ)<30时为贫营养;30≤TLI(Σ)≤50时为中营养;50<TLI(Σ)≤60时为轻度富营养;60<TLI(Σ)≤70时为中度富营养;TLI(Σ)>70时为重度富营养。
1.4 数据分析
采用Excel软件计算浮游植物优势度、多样性指数和综合营养状态指数。用SPSS 26.0软件对浮游植物密度、生物量、多样性指数和理化因子的季节差异进行基于Kruskal-Wallis的单因素ANOVA多重比较。绘图在Origin 2022中完成,采样点位图采用QGIS 3.24.2绘制。
在R语言中使用“vegan”包进行非度量多维尺度分析(nonmetric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)研究浮游植物群落结构季节变化,并使用相似性检验(analysis of similarities,ANOSIM)分析群落间差异显著性,用相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)找出季节间群落差异来源,即主要特征功能类群的季节差异。在“linkET”“dplyr”包中进行环境因子之间的 Spearman 相关性分析,将“丝状蓝藻”与“非丝状蓝藻”细胞密度进行lg(x+1)转换后,与环境因子进行Mantel检验,识别影响丝状蓝藻与非丝状蓝藻生长的主要环境因子。在R语言“vegan”包中将浮游植物细胞密度进行Hellinger转换,环境因子(除pH外)进行lg(x+1)转换,通过共线性检验(VIF)筛选出共线性小于5的环境因子。将优势功能群进行除趋势对应分析(DCA),基于结果选择冗余分析(RDA)探究浮游植物优势功能群与环境因子的相关性,并使用“envfit”函数对环境因子进行显著性检验,筛选出显著环境因子(P<0.05),以上绘图在“ggplot2”和“corrplot”包中进行。
2 结果与分析
2.1 水体环境因子季节性变化
大王滩水库水体环境因子指标的季节变化如图2所示。总体上各指标均存在显著季节差异(P<0.05,n=28)。其中冬季水体氮浓度、透明度高于其他季节,但水温、pH低于其他季节,TP浓度表现为春、冬季高于夏、秋季。TLI(Σ)范围介于36.02~49.57之间,说明大王滩水库整体处于中营养状态。
2.2 浮游植物群落结构及功能群变化
在大王滩水库共鉴定出浮游植物7门74属127种,包括绿藻门、蓝藻门、硅藻门、裸藻门、隐藻门、甲藻门、金藻门,其中绿藻门种类最多(32属),其次为蓝藻门和硅藻门,分别为16属和15属,其他门类共11属。各门类浮游植物种类、细胞密度、生物量季节占比分别见图3A、B、C。Shannon-Wiener、Pielou、Simpson指数在季节间差异显著(P<0.01,n=28)(图3D、E、F)。3种指数最低值均出现在秋季,最高值均出现在冬季,表明浮游植物群落多样性冬季最高、秋季最低。浮游植物细胞密度、生物量在各季节间差异显著(P<0.01,n=28)(图3G、H),平均细胞密度从高到低分别是:秋季为(344.03±57.66)×106 cells/L,春季为(83.65±23.06)×106 cells/L,冬季为(33.76±15.58)×106 cells/L,夏季为(11.29±5.83)×106 cells/L;平均生物量从高到低分别是:秋季为(38.91±6.42) mg/L,冬季为(12.15±5.50) mg/L,春季为(10.94±7.80)mg/L,夏季为(1.37±0.57) mg/L。从不同季节优势种来看(图4A),在冬、夏、秋季泽丝藻优势度最高(Y分别为0.25、0.48、0.84);春季假鱼腥藻优势度最高(Y为0.59)。
鉴定出的10属优势蓝藻被划分为丝状蓝藻和非丝状蓝藻两类(表1)。丝状蓝藻在4个季节中均为优势类群,非丝状蓝藻在冬季和夏季为优势类群(图4A)。大王滩水库浮游植物分为26个功能类群(表2),其中D、F、H1、J、LM、LO、M、P、S1、S2、SN、X1、Y共13个功能群为优势功能群(Y>0.02),S1为全年优势功能群(图4B)。NMDS结果表明,浮游植物功能群在季节间差异显著(ANOSIM,P<0.001,n=28),其中S1功能群对浮游植物季节间差异贡献率最大(图5)。
2大王滩水库水体环境因子的季节变化(不同小写字母表示季节间具有显著差异性)
Fig.2Seasonal variation of environmental factors in the water column of Dawangtan Reservoir (Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between seasons)
2.3 浮游植物与环境因子的关系
通过环境因子与浮游植物优势功能群细胞密度的DCA分析,得到最大梯度长度为1.82,因此选择线性模型RDA来探索大王滩水库浮游植物群落与环境因子之间的关系。对浮游植物功能群方差解释最为显著的环境因子为TN(R2adj=0.76)和SD(R2adj=0.69),其次是CODMnR2adj=0.67)和WT(R2adj=0.48)(图6A)。相关性分析表明丝状蓝藻细胞密度与WT、TN、SD和NO-3-N均呈显著相关(P<0.05,n=28);非丝状蓝藻细胞密度与TN和NO-3-N均呈显著相关(P<0.05,n=28)(图6B)。
3大王滩水库浮游植物各门类种类数(A)、细胞密度(B)和生物量(C)季节占比;浮游植物多样性指数(D~F)、总细胞密度(G)和生物量(H)季节变化(不同小写字母表示季节间具有显著差异)
Fig.3Seasonal proportion of phytoplankton species (A) , cell density (B) and biomass (C) ; seasonal variation of diversity indexes (D-F) , total cell density (G) and biomass (H) of phytoplankton in Dawangtan Reservoir (Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between seasons)
1优势蓝藻分类(F:丝状蓝藻;S:非丝状蓝藻)
Tab.1Classification of dominant filamentous cyanobacteria (F) and non-filamentous cyanobacteria (S)
3 讨论
大王滩水库水质长期处于中-富营养水平,浮游植物群落主要由蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门组成,全年均以丝状蓝藻为主,主要是S1功能群的泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻。大王滩水库浮游植物细胞密度处于较高水平,表现出明显的季节差异,在秋季最高、夏季最低,与新丰江水库[26]的研究相似。本研究中夏季蓝藻门中泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻细胞密度处于最低水平(分别为(6.03±5.66)×106和(0.39±0.31)×106 cells/L),导致浮游植物总密度较其他季节低。秋季泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻细胞密度显著升高(分别为(287.50±52.04)×106和(13.77±5.30)×106 cells/L),是导致浮游植物密度升高的主要原因。浮游植物生物量与细胞密度变化趋势较一致,夏季泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻的生物量最低(分别为(0.60±0.57)和(0.04±0.03) mg/L),秋季生物量最高(分别为(28.75±5.20)和(1.37±0.53) mg/L),优势物种生物量变化主导了总生物量的变化格局。大王滩水库属于热带季风气候,常年气温偏高,导致水温整体较高,蓝藻占据主导地位可归因于其对高温的适应以及水库长期存在稳定的热分层结构[39]。大王滩水库浮游植物群落结构与广东大水桥水库[40-41]和南屏水库[42]等南亚热带水库较为相似。
4浮游植物优势属(A)及优势功能群(B)季节变化
Fig.4Seasonal variation of dominant phytoplankton genera (A) and functional groups (B)
5浮游植物功能群细胞密度 NMDS 分析(A),夏、秋季功能群差异贡献(B)
Fig.5NMDS analysis of phytoplankton functional group cell density (A) , differential contribution of phytoplankton functional groups in summer and autumn(B)
2大王滩水库浮游植物优势功能群及代表物种
Tab.2Dominant functional groups and representative species of phytoplankton in Dawangtan Reservoir
统计分析表明,TN浓度、水温、透明度是影响大王滩水库丝状蓝藻优势形成的主要环境因子。氮磷营养盐是浮游植物生长的物质基础[19],在本研究中丝状蓝藻细胞密度与TN浓度相关性强,这与在千岛湖[20]、Dongping Lake[21]的研究结果一致。RDA分析表明,TN是影响浮游植物功能群的重要变量,S1功能群(假鱼腥藻和泽丝藻)与TN呈现负相关关系,这与丹江口水库[43]、长寿湖[44]的研究结果一致,可能是由于在高氮环境中,S1功能群的竞争优势受偏好高氮的藻类类群的削弱[2045]。氮磷比是一个重要的环境因子,对浮游植物群落组成有重大影响[46],本研究中水体TN/TP比值常高于14,整体表现为磷限制。泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻细胞密度与TN/TP比值有较强的负相关关系(R分别为-0.48和-0.51,P<0.05),表明氮磷比条件的改变可能影响优势种的生长,这与Honghu[23]的研究结果相似。与其他研究相似[47],以微囊藻为代表的M功能群与TN、TP浓度呈正相关,表明较低的营养盐浓度可能限制微囊藻生长。有研究表明,部分丝状蓝藻(如浮丝藻等)能够过量吸收磷,其细胞内磷的积累量可达自身生长需求的4~11倍[48]。泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻相较于浮丝藻在低磷条件下有更强的竞争力[49-50],在Spring Lake[51]、德国108个湖泊[52]中调查也发现,泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻在低磷条件下形成优势。本研究中,假鱼腥藻和泽丝藻(S1功能群)竞争优势体现在营养盐相对较低的时期。因此,对低营养盐的适应性可能是泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻等丝状蓝藻较非丝状蓝藻(如微囊藻)形成优势的原因。然而,需要进一步的研究来确定溶解态营养盐的贡献,以提出具体的管控限值。
6浮游植物功能群与环境因子的RDA分析(A)和丝状蓝藻和非丝状蓝藻与环境因子之间的Mantel检验(B)(*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001)
Fig.6RDA of phytoplankton functional groups and environmental factors (A) , Mantel test between filamentous cyanobacteria and non-filamentous cyanobacteria with environmental factors (B) (*, ** and *** mean P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively)
水温是影响浮游植物生长的直接因素[22],同时季节性温度变化还会影响水体混合程度和光环境[53]。本研究中,水温显著影响了丝状蓝藻的细胞密度,RDA结果显示,S1功能群与水温呈现正相关关系,这与红枫湖[54]的研究一致。然而本研究中水温对丝状蓝藻功能群的影响小于其他环境因子(Mantel test: R=0.10; RDA: R2adj=0.45),一方面可能是因为研究期间优势种(主要为丝状蓝藻泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻)对水温的耐受范围较大。对温带和亚热带地区常见的一种假鱼腥藻的研究表明[55],它能够在4~30℃的宽温度范围内持续生长和增殖,泽丝藻适宜生长的水温为20~30℃[56]。此外,有学者在Lubosińskie Lake[57]、Nero Lake[55]的研究发现,泽丝藻在3~7℃时也可以形成优势导致水体发生水华,以上结果表明泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻对温度变化表现出较好的适应性。其次,过高的水温可能对泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻产生不利影响。有研究表明,水温超过30℃时泽丝藻可能会发生细胞裂解而导致生长受限[58],Gao等[59]的研究表明,假鱼腥藻在35℃时生长情况弱于20~30℃。本研究中夏季(平均水温34.3℃)泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻细胞密度最低,表明其在高温下生长受限。夏季优势浮游植物物种因水温变化而衰退,这可能是该季节水体浮游植物细胞密度及生物量最低的主要原因。尽管极端高温事件对泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻的生长表现出显著的抑制效果,但在年际尺度上,水温的上升仍显著促进了它们的增殖。同时,这种温度响应模式也导致水温与优势丝状蓝藻的相关关系低于其他环境因子。
透明度直接影响水体的真光层深度和光环境,是决定浮游植物初级生产力的重要因素[60]。本研究中透明度与丝状蓝藻生长有较强的相关性,这与陈玉茹等在千岛湖[20]的研究相似。由RDA结果发现,优势功能群S1(代表性物种为泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻)与透明度呈现负相关,与贵州红枫湖[61]的研究结果相似。在汛期降雨期间,流域地表径流输入的外源性颗粒物显著提高水体浊度水平[62]。本研究的观测数据显示,在夏季降雨影响下,水体透明度呈降低趋势(5—8月累计降雨量约为1129 mm,透明度降低约为12 cm)。有研究表明,泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻可通过增加叶绿素浓度来提高光捕获效率[63],相较于多数蓝藻在光限制下更具竞争力。其他研究也发现泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻在浑浊环境中的优势地位[2123],这表明低光耐受性的丝状蓝藻会胜过对光强敏感的物种(如微囊藻)在低透明度环境中形成优势。因此,低透明度环境是丝状蓝藻优势形成的关键驱动力。此外,汛期大王滩水库流域内优势桉树人工林通过淋溶作用释放大量单宁酸,此输入过程导致水体透明度进一步降低[64-67],对浮游植物群落动态产生了显著影响[68-69]。桉树因其耐高温、速生和高蓄水量的特点,被广泛种植于中国南方地区(如广西、广东、福建和云南)[70]。桉树林凋落物在汛期释放的单宁酸等酚类物质,不仅降低水体透明度,还可能通过化感作用对其他物种(蓝藻门的微囊藻、硅藻门的直链藻(Melosira)等)生长产生抑制效果[6971-72]。但泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻等丝状蓝藻表现出对单宁酸、香豆酸[73-74]等酚类物质较强的耐受能力,可能比微囊藻更能适应桉树林流域的水环境,进一步助长其在低透明度环境中的竞争优势,促使它们在大王滩水库等南亚热带地区水体中长期占据主导地位。然而,目前关于单宁酸对丝状蓝藻的具体作用机制仍需进一步研究。
综合分析表明,营养盐浓度、水温和透明度是影响大王滩水库中丝状蓝藻形成优势的主要环境驱动因素,其中极端高温会对优势丝状蓝藻生长有显著抑制作用。泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻等丝状蓝藻相较于非丝状蓝藻(如微囊藻),展现出对低营养盐、低透明度水体环境更为显著的适应性特征,促使丝状蓝藻在水体生态系统中形成相对优势地位。
4 结论
1)大王滩水库共有浮游植物7门127种,种类上以绿藻门、硅藻门和蓝藻门为主,细胞密度、生物量均表现为秋季最高、夏季最低;Shannon-Wiener、Pielou和Simpson指数在冬季最高、秋季最低;水库丝状蓝藻泽丝藻和假鱼腥藻表现出全季节优势;浮游植物归类为26个功能群,功能群S1(以泽丝藻与假鱼腥藻为主)在4个季节始终占据绝对优势地位。
2)水温、TN、透明度是丝状蓝藻优势的重要解释因子。尽管夏季高温对丝状蓝藻的生长表现出一定的抑制作用,但全年范围内较高的水温条件仍是推动丝状蓝藻生长的关键因子;对低营养盐、低透明度的适应性特征,为泽丝藻与假鱼腥藻等丝状蓝藻相较于非丝状蓝藻(微囊藻)提供了有利的竞争优势。
3)在南亚热带水库丝状蓝藻的威胁下,未来研究需要进一步明确水库透明度降低的原因(如悬浮颗粒物浓度、有色溶解有机物动态等),以通过针对性的措施提高水体透明度限制丝状蓝藻优势的形成,保障水库生态系统健康及供水安全。
1大王滩水库采样点位分布
Fig.1Distribution of sampling sites in Dawangtan Reservoir
2大王滩水库水体环境因子的季节变化(不同小写字母表示季节间具有显著差异性)
Fig.2Seasonal variation of environmental factors in the water column of Dawangtan Reservoir (Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between seasons)
3大王滩水库浮游植物各门类种类数(A)、细胞密度(B)和生物量(C)季节占比;浮游植物多样性指数(D~F)、总细胞密度(G)和生物量(H)季节变化(不同小写字母表示季节间具有显著差异)
Fig.3Seasonal proportion of phytoplankton species (A) , cell density (B) and biomass (C) ; seasonal variation of diversity indexes (D-F) , total cell density (G) and biomass (H) of phytoplankton in Dawangtan Reservoir (Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between seasons)
4浮游植物优势属(A)及优势功能群(B)季节变化
Fig.4Seasonal variation of dominant phytoplankton genera (A) and functional groups (B)
5浮游植物功能群细胞密度 NMDS 分析(A),夏、秋季功能群差异贡献(B)
Fig.5NMDS analysis of phytoplankton functional group cell density (A) , differential contribution of phytoplankton functional groups in summer and autumn(B)
6浮游植物功能群与环境因子的RDA分析(A)和丝状蓝藻和非丝状蓝藻与环境因子之间的Mantel检验(B)(*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001)
Fig.6RDA of phytoplankton functional groups and environmental factors (A) , Mantel test between filamentous cyanobacteria and non-filamentous cyanobacteria with environmental factors (B) (*, ** and *** mean P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively)
1优势蓝藻分类(F:丝状蓝藻;S:非丝状蓝藻)
Tab.1Classification of dominant filamentous cyanobacteria (F) and non-filamentous cyanobacteria (S)
2大王滩水库浮游植物优势功能群及代表物种
Tab.2Dominant functional groups and representative species of phytoplankton in Dawangtan Reservoir
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