With the intensification of anthropogenic disturbances, such as water resource development, water pollution, and overfishing, fish diversity and population abundance have significantly declined, posing a severe threat to aquatic ecosystems. Systematic monitoring of fish movement behavior and physiological responses to environmental changes, along with the scientific analysis of the relationship between behavioral responses and environmental factors, is critical for designing habitat conditions centered on the ecological needs of fish species. This is essential for advancing fish conservation research. The development of acoustic and electronic tagging systems has provided a robust scientific tool for fish conservation studies. These tags, with diverse functionalities, can be implanted in fish bodies or attached externally to enable systematic monitoring of fish movement behavior and habitat information. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the acoustic and electronic tags commonly used in fish conservation research, classifying them into four categories based on their functions: short-range coded identification and counting tags, spatial tracking and positioning tags, physiological state monitoring tags, and environmental data logging tags. First, the fundamental features and technical principles of these tags are introduced. Then, the applications and research progress of each tag type are discussed in detail, focusing on areas such as fish passage efficiency monitoring, fish movement tracking, physiological state assessment, and habitat information evaluation. Finally, the existing challenges and future development directions of acoustic and electronic tagging technologies in fish conservation are highlighted based on the current state of applications. This study aims to systematically summarize the application status and developmental trends of acoustic and electronic tagging technologies in fish conservation research, providing scientific and technical guidance for aquatic ecosystem protection.