三峡水库水位波动对香溪河库湾温差异重流的影响
doi: 10.18307/2025.0642
郎韵1,3 , 王玲玲2 , 韩丽娟1,3 , 胡孜军1,3
1. 太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院,太原 030024
2. 河海大学水利水电学院,南京 210098
3. 流域水资源协同利用山西省重点实验室,太原 030024
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(52479062,52309086)、山西省基础研究计划项目(202303021212080,202303021212065)和山西省水利科学技术研究与推广项目(2023GM22)联合资助
The impact of water level fluctuations in the Three Gorges Reservoir on thermal density flow in the Xiangxi Bay
Lang Yun1,3 , Wang Lingling2 , Han Lijuan1,3 , Hu Zijun1,3
1. College of Water Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024 , P.R.China
2. College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098 , P.R.China
3. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Collaborative Utilization of River Basin Water Resources, Taiyuan 030024 , P.R.China
摘要
支流库湾温差异重流特性是研究其水华生消机制的重要基础。干支流水体温差引起的密度差导致干流水体在春夏季、秋季、冬季分别通过中层、表层和底层异重流倒灌进入支流库湾。三峡水库正常运行每年要经历汛前消落期、汛期、汛后蓄水期和枯水期4个阶段,水位最大日变幅可达3.0 m/d。基于经率定验证的香溪河库湾三维水动力水温数学模型,通过对不同水位波动工况进行模拟分析,揭示了库湾温差异重流的变化特性。结果表明:随着水库水位上升,长江干流异重流的倒灌流速和倒灌厚度增大,上游来流异重流的潜入流速减小;随着水库水位下降,长江干流异重流的倒灌流速和倒灌厚度减小,而上游来流异重流的潜入流速增大。水位日升幅增大,长江干流异重流的倒灌距离也随之增大,但增幅较小;水位日降幅增大,长江干流异重流的倒灌距离显著减小,2.0 m/d的水位日降幅使得长江干流倒灌距离减少40%。水位周期性波动会引起库湾水流周期性运动。较高的水位波动频率(每6 h变动1.0 m)使得干支流水体在库湾中下游区域充分混合,降低水力停留时间,有利于限制藻类的生长和聚集。短时间(≤4 d)、小幅度(≤2.0 m/d)的水位波动难以改变库湾稳定的水温分层状态,温跃层平均深度基本不超过5.0 m。
Abstract
The characteristics of thermal density flow in tributary reservoirs are an important basis for understanding the mechanism of algal blooms. The density difference caused by water temperature difference between the mainstream reservoir and the tributary bay leads the mainstream of the Yangtze River flow into the tributary bay via the middle layer in spring-summer, surface layer in autumn and bottom layer in winter. The normal operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir goes through four stages every year: pre-flood drawdown season, flood season, post-flood storage season and dry season, with maximum daily water level fluctuations reaching up to 3.0 m/d. Based on a calibrated and validated three-dimensional hydrodynamic and thermal model of Xiangxi Bay, we simulated various water level fluctuation scenarios to analyze the characteristics of thermal density flow. Results show that with the rising water level, the backflow velocity and backflow thickness of the mainstream of the Yangtze River increase, while the inflow velocity of the upstream decreases. With the water level drop, the backflow velocity and backflow thickness of the mainstream of the Yangtze River decrease, while the inflow velocity of the upstream increases. The greater the daily increase of water level, the greater the backflow distance of the density flow from the mainstream of the Yangtze River. The greater the daily decrease of water level, the smaller the backflow distance of the density flow from the mainstream of the Yangtze River. The maximum decline of the backflow distance from the mainstream of the Yangtze River reaches 40% with the daily water level decrease of 2.0 m/d. Cyclical water level fluctuation can cause cyclical water flow in tributary reservoirs. High-frequency fluctuations of water level (1.0 m every 6 hours) can induce completely mixing between the mainstream reservoir and the tributary bay in the middle and lower reaches, thereby reducing hydraulic residence time and limiting the algal growth and aggregation. Short-term (≤4 d) and small-amplitude (≤2.0 m/d) water level fluctuations are insufficient to disrupt the stable thermal stratification of Xiangxi Bay, where the average thermocline depth remains below 5.0 m.
水库建成蓄水后,库区部分支流在干流回水顶托作用下形成库湾。与蓄水前的天然河道相比,支流库湾的水流速度减缓,垂向紊动扩散减弱,开始出现稳定的水温分层[1-2]。支流库湾同时受到干流水库倒灌和上游来流汇入的影响,使得其水力学特性更为复杂。大量现场观测表明:干支流水温差引起的密度差使得干流水体和上游来流以异重流的形式进入库湾,在库湾内形成季节性变化的分层异重流[3-5]。在春夏季,干流水温小于库湾表层水温但大于库湾底层水温,因此干流水体以中层异重流形式进入库湾;在秋季,干流水温小于库湾水温,因此干流水体以表层异重流形式进入库湾;在冬季,干流水温大于库湾水温,因此干流水体以底层异重流形式进入库湾;上游低温水下泄使得上游来流主要以底层异重流形式进入库湾[6-8]。已有研究普遍认为,温差异重流在水华生消过程中发挥了重要作用[9-10]。一方面,异重流影响下形成的深水区水温分层较弱、浅水区水温分层较强的分层状态,为水华暴发提供了有利的水动力条件[11-12];另一方面,异重流持续携带的营养盐为水华暴发提供了物质基础[13-14]
针对支流库湾水华频发的现状,通过水库生态调度防控水华一直是研究的热点问题[15-17]。短期水库调度能加快水体交换,增大表层流速,从而抑制藻类生长并降低上层水体中的藻类浓度[18-19]。2019年7—8月在三峡水库开展的水位“抬升—稳定—下降”调度实践,验证了水库调度控制支流库湾水华的可行性[20]。水库调度引起的水位变化将直接影响支流的河口水位,进而影响支流库湾温差异重流特性。关于水库水位波动对支流库湾影响的研究主要集中于水温分层强弱[21-23]和流速大小[24]的变化规律。而水温分层与流场之间的复杂相互作用[25]需要通过温差异重流变化特性进行表征,目前尚缺乏水位波动条件下香溪河库湾温差异重流变化规律的系统认识。
数值模拟是预测水位波动对支流库湾温差异重流影响的有效手段。以往的研究以一维[26-27]、平面二维[28]和立面二维[29-30]数值模型为主。而Shi等[31]研究发现,支流库湾与干流交汇区存在复杂的横断面漩涡,这表明支流库湾水动力过程具有明显的三维特征,有必要采用三维数值模型进行模拟[32-33]
本文以三峡水库香溪河库湾为研究对象,通过库湾三维水动力水温数值模型模拟不同水位波动工况,探究支流库湾温差异重流对水位波动的响应规律,有助于理解水库调度如何通过影响库湾温差异重流进而控制支流水华生消,对改善库湾水环境有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
1 支流库湾三维水动力水温数值模型
香溪河库湾是长江干流上最靠近三峡大坝的较大支流,河口距离三峡大坝约32 km,如图1a所示。三峡水库正常蓄水至175 m后,长江重庆至宜昌段的平均水力坡降仅为0.000002[34],因此香溪河河口水位仅比坝前水位高出约0.064 m。
1.1 计算区域及网格剖分
以香溪河整个回水区域为研究对象,上游边界为回水区末端,下游边界为香溪河与长江交汇口,即香溪河河口。采用Delft3D软件构建z坐标系下香溪河库湾三维水动力水温耦合数学模型。闭边界由地形高程200 m的等高线组成,计算区域地形均为实测值,如图1b所示。计算区域河段长约38 km,分别在香溪河库湾下游、中游和上游取典型观测点,如图中OP1、OP2、OP3所示。
水平方向采用正交曲线坐标系,网格数为192×25;垂向采用z坐标系,网格数为92层,如附图I所示。时间步长为1 min。
1三峡水库香溪河库湾区位图(a);香溪河库湾计算区域(b)
Fig.1Location map of the Xiangxi Bay in the Three Gorges Reservoir (a) ; Computational domain of the Xiangxi Bay (b)
1.2 初始条件及边界条件
根据2009—2018年《长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报》[35],支流回水区水华主要发生在春季和秋季,选取香溪河库湾水温分层形成和发育的春季作为研究时段。春季也是三峡水库汛前消落期,水库水位逐步从正常蓄水位175 m降为枯期消落低水位155 m。基于库湾稳定的水温分层状态,起始水位选取155 m,对应的起始时刻为2009年5月20日。
上游边界位于兴山水文站附近,以兴山站实测流量作为上游边界条件;下游采用水位边界,近似等于三峡水库坝前水位。采用Delft3D的热通量模型[36]模拟香溪河库湾自由表面的热交换过程。近似认为香溪河库湾的气候与三峡库区基本一致,模拟时段主要气象参数取自三峡库区宜昌站实测值,其中风速为1.3 m/s,风向为45.0°,太阳辐射为 158.0 W/m2,云量为78.0%,气温为21.0℃,相对湿度为75.0%。水体和床面间的垂向扩散通量为零。
以兴山站实测水温作为上游水温边界条件,以香溪河河口采样点[3]的实测水温作为下游水温边界条件。采用k-ε紊流封闭模型来计算三维紊流。经率定,香溪河库湾三维水动力水温数值模型的主要计算参数为:粗糙高度Z0=0.15 m,风拖曳力系数[37]Cd=1.255×10-3,背景水平涡粘系数υbackH=1.0 m2/s,背景垂向涡粘系数υbackV=1.0×10-5 m2/s,背景水平扩散系数DbackH=0.1 m2/s,背景垂向扩散系数DbackV=1.0×10-5 m2/s。典型观测点的垂向水温验证结果如附图II所示。
为研究不同水位波动工况对支流库湾温差异重流的影响,上游边界条件在模拟时段保持不变,等于起始时刻兴山水文站的实测值,即47.96 m3/s。同样地,水温边界条件也等于起始时刻对应的实测水温。香溪河库湾沿深泓线纵断面的初始流场和温度场如图2所示。由图可知,起始时刻香溪河库湾存在显著的温差异重流,温跃层位于库湾近表层,长江干流以中上层倒灌异重流的形式进入库湾,上游来流以底层潜入异重流的形式进入库湾并最终流出。
2 水位日变幅对库湾温差异重流的影响
2.1 计算工况
根据《三峡(正常运行期)——葛洲坝水利枢纽梯级调度规程》(2019年修订版)[38],三峡水库蓄水最大速率不超过3.0 m/d,一般情况下水位下降速率汛期不超过2.0 m/d,消落期不超过1.0 m/d。因此,水位日变幅选取0.5、1.0和2.0 m/d。
2香溪河库湾沿深泓线纵断面初始流场(a)和温度场(b)
Fig.2The initial flow field (a) and temperature field (b) in longitudinal section of the Xiangxi Bay
为研究水位日变幅对香溪河库湾温差异重流的影响,以水库水位保持不变作为参照工况,拟定了7个计算工况,如图3所示。工况1-0水位日变幅为0,表示水位保持不变;工况1-1、1-2和1-3分别为水位日升幅工况;工况1-4、1-5和1-6分别为水位日降幅工况。水位变化的持续时间为3 d,对应的模拟时段为2009年5月20—23日。除水位以外的其他计算条件均保持不变。
3水位日变幅计算工况
Fig.3The calculation conditions of different water level daily variation
2.2 模拟结果
各工况下香溪河河口断面的流量随时间变化如图4所示。流量以流入库湾为正,流出库湾为负。在水库水位持续上升或持续下降过程中,河口断面流量随时间基本保持不变。水库水位日升幅越大,流入库湾的流量越大;水库水位日降幅越大,流出库湾的流量越大(图4)。
4水位日变幅工况下香溪河河口断面流量
Fig.4The flow discharges of the Xiangxi Estuary under water level daily variation conditions
水库水位持续变化3天后,各工况下香溪河库湾沿深泓线纵断面流场图见图5。当水库水位上升时,长江干流异重流的倒灌流速增大,倒灌厚度也增大;上游来流异重流的潜入流速减小,潜入厚度基本不变(图5)。当水库水位下降时,长江干流异重流的倒灌流速减小,倒灌厚度也减小;上游来流异重流的潜入流速增大。从支流库湾营养盐补给[14]的角度来看,水位持续下降有利于减少长江干流营养盐倒灌,并加快上游来流营养盐流出,从而限制藻类生长。
统计各工况下香溪河库湾长江干流异重流的倒灌距离和上游来流异重流的潜入距离,如表1所示。由表可知,长江干流异重流的倒灌距离随水库水位上升而增大,随水库水位下降而减小。以水位保持不变的工况作为参照,2.0 m以内的水位日升幅引起长江干流异重流倒灌距离的增幅基本不超过10%,而2.0 m以内的水位日降幅引起长江干流异重流倒灌距离的最大降幅接近40%。上游来流异重流的潜入距离始终等于库湾的纵向长度,不受水库水位变化的影响。总的来说,水库水位变动对香溪河库湾异重流的影响主要体现在长江干流倒灌异重流。
5水位日变幅工况库湾沿深泓线纵断面流场图 (红色矢量表示长江干流倒灌异重流,蓝色矢量表示上游来流潜入异重流,矢量长度表示流速大小。黑色虚线表示长江干流倒灌异重流和上游来流潜入异重流的分界面)
Fig.5The flow field in longitudinal section of the Xiangxi Bay under water level daily variation conditions (The red vectors represent the backflow of the main stream of the Yangtze River, the blue vectors represent the upstream inflow of the Xiangxi Bay. The length of the vectors indicates the flow velocity. The black dotted line marks the interface between the backflow of the main stream of the Yangtze River and the upstream inflow of the Xiangxi Bay)
水库水位持续变化3 d后,各工况下香溪河库湾沿深泓线纵断面温度场如图6所示。由图可知,香溪河库湾存在稳定的垂向水温分层结构,表层水体受太阳热辐射作用,形成了表层温跃层;底层水体受上游低温来水的影响,始终保持较低水温。因此,水库水位变动对垂向水温分布的影响主要体现在中层水体,而表层和底层的水温基本保持不变。当水库水位上升时,中层水体厚度增大;当水库水位下降时,中层水体厚度减小,甚至出现均温分布(如工况1-6的库湾上游观测点OP3)。
将垂向温度梯度≥0.2℃/m的水层称为温跃层[39]。温跃层平均深度是指温跃层中心线所在深度,即温跃层顶面水深和底面水深的平均值。统计各工况下香溪河库湾典型观测点的温跃层平均深度如表2所示。下游观测点OP1的温跃层平均深度随水库水位上升而减小,随水库水位下降而增大;上游观测点OP3的温跃层平均深度随水库水位上升而增大,随水库水位下降而减小(表2)。这是因为随水库水位上升过程,流入库湾的流量增大(图4),即长江干流从中层倒灌的流量增大,这使得下游区域中层水体厚度增大,表层和底层水体厚度减小,因此下游观测点OP1位于表层的温跃层平均深度也有所减小;受水库水位上升的影响,上游区域的水体深度明显增大,而上游来流从底层潜入库湾的水体厚度基本不变,因此上游观测点OP3中上层水体厚度增大,即位于表层的温跃层平均深度也有所增大。中游观测点OP2的温跃层平均深度介于OP1和OP3之间。总体上,2.0 m以内的水库水位日变幅对香溪河库湾水温分层结构的影响较小。温跃层始终位于库湾表层,温跃层平均深度基本不超过5.0 m。
1水位日变幅工况库湾温差异重流的倒灌(潜入)距离
Tab.1The backflow and inflow distance of thermal density flow under water level daily variation conditions
2不同计算工况香溪河库湾典型观测点的温跃层平均深度*
Tab.2The average depth of thermocline at typical observation points in the Xiangxi Bay under different calculation conditions
*“—”表示没有温跃层。
3 水位波动形式对库湾温差异重流的影响
3.1 计算工况
为满足昼高夜低的用电需求,三峡电站开展的日调度使得下泄流量呈现显著的日波动模式,导致支流库湾水位也出现日波动现象[23]。Sha等[27]和He等[30]分别采用一维和立面二维水动力模型研究了水库水位波动对支流库湾水动力的影响,结果表明水位波动可以显著增强干支流水体交换,有效改善库湾水动力条件。由此可以推断,水库水位波动也会影响支流库湾温差异重流。
为研究水位波动形式对香溪河库湾温差异重流的影响,以水位保持不变作为参照工况,拟定4种水位波动形式,计算工况如表3图7所示。各工况的水位日变幅均为1.0 m/d。水位波动的持续时间为4 d,对应的模拟时段为2009年5月20—24日。除水位以外的其他计算条件均保持不变。
3水位波动形式计算工况
Tab.3The calculation conditions of different water level fluctuations
3.2 模拟结果
受水库水位周期性波动的影响,香溪河河口断面流量也呈现周期性波动(图8)。在水库水位上升过程中,河口断面流量以流入库湾为主;当水库水位由升转降时,河口断面流量从流入转为流出;在水库水位下降过程中,河口断面流量以流出库湾为主;当水库水位由降转升时,河口断面流量从流出转为流入。随着水库水位波动的频率加快,河口断面最大流入、流出量明显增大。
6水位日变幅工况库湾沿深泓线纵断面温度场图
Fig.6The temperature field in longitudinal section of the Xiangxi Bay under water level daily variation conditions
由2.2节可知,香溪河库湾长江干流异重流和上游来流异重流的水动力特性与流入(流出)库湾的流量密切相关。受河口断面流量周期性波动的影响,长江干流异重流和上游来流异重流也将出现周期性波动。图9显示了工况2-1下库湾中游观测点OP2的纵向流速随时间变化情况。可以发现,当河口断面出现最大流入量时,长江干流异重流的倒灌流速达到最大,上游来流异重流的潜入流速降到最低;当河口断面出现最大流出量时,上游来流异重流的潜入速度达到最大,长江干流倒灌异重流暂时消失。这表明,河口断面出现最大流入、流出量时刻,对应着长江干流异重流和上游来流异重流分别出现最大和最小流速的时刻。
因此,在研究水库水位波动形式对香溪河库湾水动力特性的影响时,应对比各工况河口断面出现最大流入、流出量时刻,香溪河库湾沿深泓线纵断面流场如图10所示。随水位波动频率的加快,长江干流异重流的最大倒灌流速和倒灌厚度增大,长江干流异重流的最小倒灌流速和倒灌厚度减小甚至消失;上游来流异重流的最大潜入流速和潜入厚度增大,上游来流异重流的最小潜入流速和潜入厚度减小甚至消失(图10)。较高的水位波动频率(6 h水位变动1.0 m)使得库湾内长江干流和上游来流异重流周期性出现又周期性消失,这将显著增大干支流间的水体交换,减小水力停留时间[40],有利于抑制藻类的生长和聚集。
受水库水位周期性波动的影响,长江干流异重流的倒灌距离和上游来流异重流的潜入距离也将出现波动。统计水位波动过程中长江干流异重流和上游来流异重流的最大和最小倒灌(潜入)距离,如表4所示。由表可知,长江干流异重流最大倒灌距离随水库水位波动频率加快而略有增大,最小倒灌距离随水位波动频率加快而明显减小;上游来流异重流最大潜入距离总是等于库湾纵向总长,最小潜入距离随水位波动频率加快而明显减小。与水位持续不变的工况相比,水库水位波动使得长江干流异重流最小倒灌距离的降幅高达100%,上游来流异重流最小潜入距离的降幅高达89%。总的来说,较高的水位波动频率(6 h水位变动1.0 m)能显著改变香溪河库湾异重流的最小倒灌(潜入)距离,使得长江干流异重流和上游来流异重流倒灌(潜入)范围发生大幅度波动,在库湾内形成周期性的往复流动。
4水位波动工况下库湾温差异重流的倒灌(潜入)距离
Tab.4The backflow and inflow distance of thermal density flow under water level fluctuation conditions
以中游观测点OP2为例,工况2-1库湾水温垂向分布随时间变化情况如图11所示。由图可知,受河口断面流量周期性波动的影响,表层等温线也存在周期性波动。当河口断面出现最大流入量时,表层等温线处于最高点;当河口断面出现最大流出量时,表层等温线处于最低点。表层水体的数条等温线中,距离水表面越近,等温线的波动幅度越小。统计各工况下表层18℃等温线的波动幅度,工况2-0的波动幅度为0 m,工况2-1的波动幅度为2.04 m,工况2-2的波动幅度为1.69 m,工况2-3的波动幅度为1.32 m。可以发现,水库水位波动频率越快,表层等温线的波动幅度就越大。
对比各工况河口断面出现最大流入、流出量时刻,香溪河库湾沿深泓线纵断面温度场见附图Ⅲ。由图可知,1.0 m以内的日水位周期性波动对香溪河库湾内垂向水温分布影响较小,库湾内仍存在稳定的水温分层结构,即温跃层始终位于表层。
4 结论
支流库湾特殊的温差异重流与水华生消过程密切相关,深入研究温差异重流特性有助于更好地理解水库调度(水位波动)对支流水华生消的控制机制。本研究基于经率定验证的香溪河库湾三维水动力水温数值模型,模拟了水库水位波动对库湾温差异重流的影响,结果如下:
1)起始时间对应的长江干流、上游来流与香溪河库湾水体之间的温度差,决定了库湾内温差异重流的形式,2.0 m/d以内的水位日变幅和1.0 m/d的水位周期性波动均不能够改变长江干流中上层倒灌异重流和上游来流底层潜入异重流。
2)水位日升幅越大,流入库湾的流量增大,长江干流异重流的倒灌流速、倒灌厚度和倒灌距离越大,上游来流异重流的潜入流速越小;水位日降幅越大,流出库湾的流量减小,长江干流异重流的倒灌流速、倒灌厚度和倒灌距离越小。
7不同计算工况水位波动形式
Fig.7The water level fluctuations under different calculation conditions
8水位波动工况下香溪河河口断面流量
Fig.8The flow discharges of the Xiangxi Estuary under water level fluctuation conditions
9工况2-1库湾中游观测点OP2纵向流速随时间的变化 (红色表示长江干流倒灌异重流,蓝色表示上游来流潜入异重流)
Fig.9The longitudinal flow velocity over time at the midstream observation point (OP2) of Condition 2-1 (Red area indicates the backflow of the main stream of the Yangtze River, and blue area indicates the upstream inflow of the Xiangxi Bay)
3)水位日变幅对库湾表层和底层水温基本没有影响,表面温跃层平均深度在5.0 m以内。中层水体厚度随水库水位上升而增大,随水库水位下降而减小。
4)水位周期性波动使得长江干流异重流和上游来流异重流也发生周期性波动。水位波动频率越快,流入库湾的最大流量增大,长江干流异重流最大倒灌流速、倒灌厚度和倒灌距离增大,上游来流异重流最小潜入流速、潜入厚度和潜入距离减小;同时流出库湾的最大流量也增大,上游来流异重流最大潜入流速、潜入厚度增大,长江干流异重流最小倒灌流速、倒灌厚度和倒灌距离减小。
5)水位周期性波动频率越快,库湾表层等温线的波动幅度越大。但1.0 m的日水位周期性波动还不足以打破库湾稳定的水温分层。
10水位波动工况库湾沿深泓线纵断面流场图
Fig.10The flow field in longitudinal section of the Xiangxi Bay under water level fluctuation conditions
5 附录
附图Ⅰ~Ⅲ见电子版(DOI:10.18307/2025.0642)。
11工况2-1库湾中游观测点OP2水温垂向分布随时间变化
Fig.11The vertical distribution of water temperature over time at the midstream observation point (OP2) of Condition 2-1
1三峡水库香溪河库湾区位图(a);香溪河库湾计算区域(b)
Fig.1Location map of the Xiangxi Bay in the Three Gorges Reservoir (a) ; Computational domain of the Xiangxi Bay (b)
2香溪河库湾沿深泓线纵断面初始流场(a)和温度场(b)
Fig.2The initial flow field (a) and temperature field (b) in longitudinal section of the Xiangxi Bay
3水位日变幅计算工况
Fig.3The calculation conditions of different water level daily variation
4水位日变幅工况下香溪河河口断面流量
Fig.4The flow discharges of the Xiangxi Estuary under water level daily variation conditions
5水位日变幅工况库湾沿深泓线纵断面流场图 (红色矢量表示长江干流倒灌异重流,蓝色矢量表示上游来流潜入异重流,矢量长度表示流速大小。黑色虚线表示长江干流倒灌异重流和上游来流潜入异重流的分界面)
Fig.5The flow field in longitudinal section of the Xiangxi Bay under water level daily variation conditions (The red vectors represent the backflow of the main stream of the Yangtze River, the blue vectors represent the upstream inflow of the Xiangxi Bay. The length of the vectors indicates the flow velocity. The black dotted line marks the interface between the backflow of the main stream of the Yangtze River and the upstream inflow of the Xiangxi Bay)
6水位日变幅工况库湾沿深泓线纵断面温度场图
Fig.6The temperature field in longitudinal section of the Xiangxi Bay under water level daily variation conditions
7不同计算工况水位波动形式
Fig.7The water level fluctuations under different calculation conditions
8水位波动工况下香溪河河口断面流量
Fig.8The flow discharges of the Xiangxi Estuary under water level fluctuation conditions
9工况2-1库湾中游观测点OP2纵向流速随时间的变化 (红色表示长江干流倒灌异重流,蓝色表示上游来流潜入异重流)
Fig.9The longitudinal flow velocity over time at the midstream observation point (OP2) of Condition 2-1 (Red area indicates the backflow of the main stream of the Yangtze River, and blue area indicates the upstream inflow of the Xiangxi Bay)
10水位波动工况库湾沿深泓线纵断面流场图
Fig.10The flow field in longitudinal section of the Xiangxi Bay under water level fluctuation conditions
11工况2-1库湾中游观测点OP2水温垂向分布随时间变化
Fig.11The vertical distribution of water temperature over time at the midstream observation point (OP2) of Condition 2-1
1水位日变幅工况库湾温差异重流的倒灌(潜入)距离
Tab.1The backflow and inflow distance of thermal density flow under water level daily variation conditions
2不同计算工况香溪河库湾典型观测点的温跃层平均深度*
Tab.2The average depth of thermocline at typical observation points in the Xiangxi Bay under different calculation conditions
3水位波动形式计算工况
Tab.3The calculation conditions of different water level fluctuations
4水位波动工况下库湾温差异重流的倒灌(潜入)距离
Tab.4The backflow and inflow distance of thermal density flow under water level fluctuation conditions
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