白洋淀不同功能区上覆水和沉积物典型抗生素的赋存与生态风险评价
doi: 10.18307/2025.0627
沈娴1 , 王识然2 , 李西西1 , 任浩宇1 , 李贺1 , 姜霞1
1. 中国环境科学研究院,湖泊水污染治理与生态修复技术国家工程实验室,北京 100012
2. 松辽流域生态环境监督管理局,生态环境监测与科学研究中心,长春 130000
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3204000)资助
Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of antibiotics in overlying water and sediment of different regions in Lake Baiyangdian
Shen Xian1 , Wang Shiran2 , Li Xixi1 , Ren Haoyu1 , Li He1 , Jiang Xia1
1. National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012 , P.R.China
2. Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, SongLiao River Basin Ecological and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Changchun 130000 , P.R.China
摘要
白洋淀是中国华北平原重要的浅水湖泊。历史上白洋淀周边分布大量制药厂和水产养殖场,抗生素污染较为普遍。近年来白洋淀流域实施了强有力的污染治理工作,水环境质量明显改善,但水体中长期累积的抗生素的空间分布变化及其潜在生态风险研究甚少。本研究利用超高效液相色谱—串联质谱技术对白洋淀不同功能区上覆水体和沉积物中的喹诺酮类、磺胺类和大环内酯类3类13种抗生素进行检测,通过科学赋权方法——G1评价法计算了抗生素污染指数,利用生态风险熵方法评价了典型抗生素的潜在生态风险。结果表明,白洋淀上覆水抗生素浓度范围为15.52~256.72 ng/L,沉积物中抗生素含量范围为0.63~58.56 ng/g,大环内酯类及喹诺酮类抗生素为主要的抗生素污染类型。上覆水中主要抗生素种类为环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、罗红霉素和磺胺嘧啶,沉积物中的主要抗生素种类为氧氟沙星。从抗生素在白洋淀的空间分布来看,府河入淀区上覆水和沉积物中的抗生素含量显著高于其他区域。停止水产养殖后,白洋淀水体和沉积物中的抗生素污染情况改善明显,白洋淀上游的城镇污水处理厂尾水等再生水为淀区抗生素的主要污染来源。生态风险评价结果表明,环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和氧氟沙星对白洋淀生态环境具有较高风险。
Abstract
Lake Baiyangdian, a prominent shallow lake in the North China Plain, has historically been surrounded by numerous pharmaceutical factories and aquaculture facilities, leading to widespread antibiotic contamination. Although the implementation of pollution control measures in recent years has resulted in notable improvements in water quality, limited research has been conducted on the spatial distribution of long-term accumulated antibiotics and their potential ecological risks. To better understand the historical impacts, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was utilized to investigate the occurrence characteristic of antibiotics in the aquatic environment, G1 evaluation method was employed to establish an antibiotic pollution assessment system and calculate the antibiotic pollution index, ecological risk entropy method was applied to evaluate the potential environmental risks of the typical antibiotics. This study focuses on the distribution patterns of 13 antibiotics, representing three classes—quinolones, sulfonamides, and macrolides—across four typical functional zones of Lake Baiyangdian, following the prohibition of aquaculture activities. The results revealed that the total antibiotic concentration in the overlying water of Lake Baiyangdian ranged from 15.52 to 256.72 ng/L, while the antibiotic concentration in the sediment ranged from 0.63 to 58.56 ng/g. Macrolides and quinolones were identified as the dominant types of antibiotic pollutants. Spatially, the total antibiotic concentration in overlying water was significantly higher in the Fuhe River inflow region compared to other regions, the dominant antibiotics in the surface water were ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, roxithromycin, and sulfamethazine, while the dominant antibiotics in the sediment were ofloxacin. The antibiotic pollution assessment system was found to be accurate. An in-depth study was conducted on the distribution of antibiotics across different functional zones. The results showed that antibiotic contamination in Lake Baiyangdian significantly improved after the cessation of aquaculture. The risk assessment indicated that ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ofloxacin represent a relatively high ecological risk to the Lake Baiyangdian ecosystem. This study provides scientific evidence for restoring and managing the ecosystem functions in the Lake Baiyangdian.
抗生素是一大类具有抑制微生物(包括细菌、真菌和寄生虫)活性作用的化合物,包括微生物或高等动植物所产生的次级代谢产物及人工合成物质[1]。自1935年起,抗生素开始作为药物用于治疗和预防细菌感染,此后抗生素不断应用于医疗、动物养殖业和种植业等领域[2]。尽管目前大部分生产生活废水经污水处理厂处理后排入自然水体,但由于污水处理厂生物处理工艺对抗生素的降解效率较低[3-7],医院废水、生活污水及制药工业废水的排放[8-9],畜牧业、水产养殖业及农田种植业的发展[10-11],雨水冲刷、地表径流和地下水侧渗作用[12]等皆有可能导致抗生素进入自然水环境中。抗生素不断进入环境促进了抗生素抗性基因的传播和发展[13],使得微生物耐药性问题更加严峻,对水生生态系统构成潜在的生态风险[14-15]。因此,针对水环境中典型抗生素的区域分布情况及来源进行全面分析及追溯,区分不同生产活动对抗生素在水环境赋存行为的影响,对抗生素的使用、排放及管理具有重要意义。
白洋淀作为华北平原重要的生态屏障,自1980s以来,由于工业废水、生活污水的排放以及水产养殖、围湖造田等破坏性行为,白洋淀水体污染严重,重金属、多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多溴联苯醚等[16]多种污染物质被陆续检出。2010年有学者首次对白洋淀抗生素污染情况进行调查[16],与国内其他典型湖泊相比,白洋淀抗生素污染较为严重,特别是磺胺类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗生素污染突出,是典型的高抗生素污染的浅水湖泊。随着雄安新区建立,当地政府在白洋淀地区开展了一系列治理措施。根据《白洋淀生态环境治理和保护规划(2018—2035)》要求,2018年9月雄安新区发布白洋淀水域禁止人工水产养殖的“禁渔令”[17]。然而有研究发现,即使停止水产养殖,历史养殖区域中残留的抗生素仍然会在一定时期内存在于水环境中[18]
根据中国抗生素使用统计,磺胺类(SAs)、喹诺酮类(QNs)和大环内酯类(MLs)抗生素在生产生活中消耗量大,其中诺氟沙星(NOR)、环丙沙星(CIP)、氧氟沙星(OFL)、恩诺沙星(ENR)和磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)等抗生素使用量位于前列[19]。中国湖泊中磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)、甲氧苄啶(TMP)、红霉素(ERM)、罗红霉素(ROM)和阿奇霉素(AZM)等抗生素被广泛检出[16]。现有针对白洋淀抗生素的研究涉及的种类有限[20],尤其是对污染负荷较高的大环内酯类抗生素及其空间分布特征的研究仍较为缺乏[16]。同时,尚未发现对全面禁止水产养殖后的水环境抗生素残留水平及其新污染来源影响的相关研究成果报道[20-21]。因此,本研究选择磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶、甲氧苄啶、氟甲喹、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、红霉素、阿奇霉素、罗红霉素共3大类13种抗生素进行研究,旨在探究水产养殖取缔后白洋淀不同功能区内上覆水和沉积物中抗生素的空间分布变化,分析人类活动对抗生素空间分布特征的影响,阐明抗生素进入白洋淀的主要人类活动途径。
1 材料与方法
1.1 研究区概况与样品采集
白洋淀(38°44′~38°59′N,115°45′~116°06′E)位于我国河北省保定市雄安新区,总面积为366 km2,由143个相互联系的大小淀泊组成[22]。历史上,白洋淀周边分布大量医药加工和制造基地,且淀内水产养殖业发达、人口密集,大量污水处理厂尾水、生活污水和养殖废水直排入淀,导致淀内普遍存在抗生素污染[23]。白洋淀水系发达,淀区南北西侧均有河流汇入,东侧的赵王新河为唯一的出水通道[24-25]。府河位于白洋淀上游,属于大清河水系,也是唯一一条穿越保定主城区、常年有水的入淀河流。流入府河的主要污染源有城镇污水处理厂尾水、城镇和农业农村面源等[26]。历史上,白洋淀的水产养殖高峰期总面积达150 km2,主要分布在淀区东南部,养殖品种以草鱼、鲤鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼为主。2018年9月,雄安新区发布关于白洋淀水域禁止人工水产养殖的“禁渔令”以来,白洋淀治理了水产养殖741处,面积达60.67 km2 [17]。白洋淀目前共有40个淀中村,人口约为9万人,村庄及旅游观光景点多集中在淀区中北部。此外,白洋淀水域辽阔,水生动植物资源丰富,淀内有芦苇89.33 km2、荷花近66.67 km2,其中以鹄丁淀为主的淀区西部为主要的水生植物生长区[27]。依据其历史承载功能,结合白洋淀区域土地利用现状,将白洋淀划分为4个功能区,分别是:人类活动密集区(human activity region,HA)、府河入淀区(fuhe river inflow region,IR)、水生植物区(water plant region,WP)和历史水产养殖区(historic aquaculture region,AR)。
本研究于2023年11月在白洋淀流域设置了30个采样点(图1),采集了上覆水和沉积物样品。上覆水样品于水面以下0.5 m处采集,装入经甲醇和超纯水清洗过并用采集水样润洗3次的1 L棕色玻璃密封瓶,在-4℃ 环境中保存。沉积物样品经抓泥斗采集后,立即用铝箔包裹,并密封于聚乙烯袋中冷藏,冷冻干燥后避光保存。样品的前处理及检测步骤详见附件。超高效液相色谱串联质谱法的流动相洗脱梯度见附表I。
1白洋淀采样点分布
Fig.1Location of sampling sites in Lake Baiyangdian
1.2 质量控制
所有玻璃容器均用去离子水超声30 min后烘干,依次用二氯甲烷、甲醇各洗2次,溶剂挥发完全后待用。每批样品分别测定方法空白、空白加标和基质加标。使用内标法对抗生素进行定量,通过设定浓度(即5、10、50、100和200 μg/L)进行定量分析(R2>0.99)。根据S/N≥3和S/N≥10计算检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ),水的检出限和定量限范围分别为0.03~0.35、0.10~1.17 ng/L;沉积物的检出限和定量限范围分别为0.0056~0.0718、0.019~0.239 ng/g。目标抗生素在水和沉积物基质中加标回收率分别为77.02%~113.16%、65.89%~126.43%。质量控制的详细数据详见附表II。
1.3 白洋淀不同功能区抗生素污染评价体系构建
G1评价法是一种将评价指标在评价体系中按照特定标准进行排列,并确定相邻指标之间的重要程度,从而实现权重分配的评价方法。它克服了层次分析法计算过程复杂的缺点,简化了权重量化的过程,适用于多因素影响的复杂系统[28]。本研究采用G1评价法解决了采样点数量、空间不均衡可能带来的对区域污染现状评价不客观的问题,从而更加系统、直观地评价不同功能区抗生素空间污染情况。通过G1评价法对不同功能区进行赋权,一定程度上修正了采样不均匀性所导致的偏差,使得不同功能区之间抗生素污染情况可以在一个评价体系内进行直观比较。
使用极差变换法进行正向指标的标准化,目标指标值越小,表明污染程度越低(其中,1≤n≤4):
Zmn=Xmn-minXmnmaxXmn-minXmn
(1)
负向指标的标准化使用以下公式计算,目标指标值越小,表明污染程度越高:
Zmn=maxXmn-XmnmaxXmn-minXmn
(2)
为了计算每个指标的变异系数,首先对指标的标准化数据求平均值:
Z-=Σi=113Zmn
(3)
计算标准化指标的标准偏差:
Sn=113Σi=113Zmn-Z-2
(4)
然后,计算每个功能区的变异系数,以反映每个指标的相对变异程度:
Vn=SnZ-
(5)
最后,归一化每个功能区的变异系数以获得每个功能区的最终权重:
Wn=VnΣn=14Vn
(6)
计算不同功能区指标的综合评价值:
Zn=Σn=14Xmn×Wn
(7)
式中,Xmn表示第n个功能区第m类抗生素检测浓度;Zmn表示标准化后第n个功能区第m类抗生素检测浓度;max(Xmn)和min(Xmn)分别代表13种抗生素在n个功能区检测浓度的最大值和最小值;Sn表示标准化后13种抗生素第n个功能区检测浓度的标准差;Vn为13种抗生素第n个功能区检测浓度的变异系数;Wn表示第n个功能区13种抗生素检测浓度的权重,Zn表示第n个功能区13种抗生素浓度的综合评价值。
1.4 生态风险评价
研究采用生态风险熵(RQ)方法对白洋淀上覆水和沉积物中残留抗生素的生态风险进行评价,计算公式如下[29]
RQ=MEC/PNEC
(8)
式中,MEC为上覆水、沉积物中实测目标抗生素浓度;PNEC为预测的最低无影响浓度,从NORMAN生态毒理学数据库获取。根据RQ值,可将风险程度分为3个等级:高风险(RQ>1);中等风险(0.1<RQ≤1);低风险(RQ≤0.1)。
2 结果与讨论
2.1 白洋淀上覆水和沉积物中抗生素的污染状况
白洋淀上覆水共检出3类(磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类)12种抗生素(表1),抗生素浓度范围为15.52~256.72 ng/L。其中,磺胺类抗生素平均浓度为32.48 ng/L,喹诺酮类抗生素平均浓度为36.80 ng/L,大环内酯类抗生素平均浓度为26.68 ng/L。所有检出的抗生素中,磺胺嘧啶(未检出(ND)~129.52 ng/L)、诺氟沙星(ND~55.78 ng/L)、环丙沙星(ND~37.69 ng/L)、恩诺沙星(ND~38.25 ng/L)和罗红霉素(8.70~115.43 ng/L)残留水平较高;磺胺甲嘧啶、红霉素和罗红霉素在所有点位均有检出。
白洋淀沉积物共检出3类(磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类)13种抗生素(表1),抗生素含量范围为0.63~58.56 ng/g。其中,磺胺类抗生素平均含量为0.98 ng/g,喹诺酮类抗生素平均含量为4.17 ng/g,大环内酯类抗生素平均含量为3.21 ng/g。所有检出的抗生素中,氧氟沙星(0.03~37.84 ng/g)、阿奇霉素(ND~14.03 ng/g)和罗红霉素(0.09~10.34 ng/g)残留水平较高;氧氟沙星和罗红霉素在所有点位均有检出。
1白洋淀上覆水和沉积物的抗生素检测频率及浓度
Tab.1Summary of antibiotics detection frequencies and concentrations in overlying water and sediment of Lake Baiyangdian
文献数据显示[30-31],我国湖泊水体中磺胺类抗生素平均浓度为67.18 ng/L,喹诺酮类抗生素平均浓度为77.62 ng/L,大环内酯类抗生素平均浓度为29.18 ng/L。本研究表明白洋淀上覆水抗生素污染低于国内已报道湖泊的平均水平。白洋淀沉积物中大多数抗生素的平均含量在10 ng/g以下,远低于已报道湖泊沉积物中喹诺酮类抗生素平均含量(167.74 ng/g)[31],说明白洋淀沉积物3大类抗生素的污染水平低。
不同湖泊的主要抗生素种类存在差异。在水体中,太湖为磺胺甲噁唑(14.14 ng/L)[32],洞庭湖为氧氟沙星(63.41 ng/L)[33],陈湖为诺氟沙星(12.23 ng/L)[34],长寿湖的主要抗生素为红霉素(24.4 ng/L)[35],南四湖为罗红霉素(4.704 ng/L)[36],新疆赛里木湖为氧氟沙星(2.7×104 ng/L)、磺胺甲噁唑(1.8×103 ng/L)和红霉素(71.7 ng/L)[37],巢湖为磺胺二甲嘧啶(62.62 ng/L)、甲氧苄啶(6.55 ng/L)、环丙沙星(13.50 ng/L)、氧氟沙星(4.55 ng/L)和红霉素(7.01 ng/L)[38]。沉积物中,长寿湖的主要抗生素为氧氟沙星(24.3 ng/g)和诺氟沙星(9.96 ng/g)[35],太湖为恩诺沙星(0.54 ng/g)和罗红霉素(0.29 ng/g)[32]。而白洋淀上覆水中主要抗生素为磺胺嘧啶(25.66 ng/L)、诺氟沙星(7.12 ng/L)、环丙沙星(16.25 ng/L)和罗红霉素(22.20 ng/L),沉积物中主要抗生素为氧氟沙星(3.05 ng/g)。白洋淀检测出的主要抗生素均属于中国湖泊中广泛检出的抗生素类型,在人类的生产生活中应用普遍,且喹诺酮类抗生素在环境中具有较高的稳定性,此外不同湖泊主要抗生素的差异还可能与该地区的药物使用模式、农业与畜牧业发展方式等有关系[31]
抗生素在白洋淀水和沉积物中的赋存情况也存在差异。分析3大类抗生素在白洋淀水和沉积物的相对占比(图2),发现磺胺类抗生素主要分布于上覆水中;喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗生素主要分布在沉积物中;磺胺嘧啶在上覆水中的浓度远大于磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶,但沉积物中却相反(表1)。上述现象均受抗生素分子结构的影响。磺胺类抗生素在自然水环境中主要以负离子和中性离子形式存在[39],与沉积物存在静电排斥,属于高亲水化合物[40],具有高水溶性;而喹诺酮类抗生素的分子结构中含有带正电荷的氮原子或二甲基氨基[41],因此与沉积物易产生静电吸附而存在于沉积物中。而磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶和磺胺二甲嘧啶分子结构中含有不同的杂环化合物(分别是嘧啶、4-甲基嘧啶和4,6-二甲基嘧啶)[3042],这一结构导致磺胺嘧啶比磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶存在更强烈的亲水性。
2白洋淀不同功能区上覆水和沉积物中3大类抗生素的相对占比
Fig.2Relative proportions of the three types of antibiotics in overlying water and sediment in different regions of Lake Baiyangdian
2.2 白洋淀水和沉积物中抗生素赋存规律与演变趋势
本研究将已报道的关于白洋淀水和沉积物中抗生素平均含量[162143-44]数据汇总形成表2。结果表明,2010年白洋淀水体中磺胺类抗生素的污染情况较为突出,可能与当时白洋淀水域大面积水产养殖、农业及污水排放的污染负荷较为严重有关;沉积物中的喹诺酮类抗生素污染较严重,反映出喹诺酮类抗生素污染的长期影响。2018年白洋淀的抗生素仅检测了喹诺酮类,发现氟甲喹、环丙沙星和氧氟沙星具有较高浓度,其中环丙沙星和氧氟沙星浓度远高于2010年水平;而沉积物中的氟甲喹、诺氟沙星污染严重,这可能与水产养殖中喹诺酮类抗生素的广泛使用相关[45-47]。2018年夏季白洋淀喹诺酮类污染突出,也间接说明雄安新区发布“禁渔令”前,水产养殖中磺胺类、喹诺酮类抗生素使用较多。2019年冬季白洋淀上覆水体中检测出喹诺酮类抗生素浓度远低于2018年,磺胺类抗生素污染较2010年减轻。2021年上覆水体中的磺胺类抗生素仅检测了磺胺嘧啶,喹诺酮类抗生素仅检测诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和氧氟沙星3种,大环内酯类抗生素仅检测红霉素和罗红霉素。上述检测结果表明白洋淀抗生素的污染特征发生变化,喹诺酮类抗生素污染逐渐缓解,大环内酯类抗生素在淀区抗生素污染中占据主导地位。
2白洋淀2010、2018、2019、2021年及2023年上覆水和沉积物中抗生素赋存情况
Tab.2Occurrence of antibiotics in overlying water and sediment of Lake Baiyangdian in 2010, 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2023
“/”表示未检测,“ND”表示未检出,LOQ表示定量限。
2023年检测数据显示白洋淀的抗生素污染情况进一步改善。白洋淀水体中抗生素污染整体得到控制,尤其是喹诺酮类抗生素整体浓度下降,但环丙沙星浓度有所波动,这可能与淀区上游来水中环丙沙星浓度波动有关。白洋淀沉积物中目标抗生素的污染情况全面好转。2018年9月作为白洋淀全面取缔淀区水产养殖的重要时间节点[17],结合多年来白洋淀抗生素数据分析,初步可以认定白洋淀水域2018年实施的禁渔政策在减轻抗生素污染方面发挥了重要作用,为改善白洋淀生态环境质量提供了有力保障。
2.3 白洋淀上覆水和沉积物中抗生素在不同功能区中的赋存特征及影响因素
白洋淀上覆水中抗生素赋存情况在不同功能区的分布存在显著差异(图3)。总体上,府河入淀区(IR)上覆水的抗生素浓度显著高于其他区域。通过G1评价法对不同功能区赋权,计算得出各功能区上覆水抗生素污染综合评价指数(表3),指数越大,代表区域抗生素污染越严重。不同功能区上覆水目标抗生素浓度综合评价指数从大到小依次为:府河入淀区(IR)>历史水产养殖区(AR)>水生植物区(WP)>人类活动密集区(HA),与图3显示结果一致,说明4个区域中,IR区域上覆水抗生素污染情况最为严重,AR区域次之,HA区域污染情况相对较轻。不同功能区沉积物中目标抗生素含量综合评价指数从大到小依次为:IR>HA>WP>AR,该结果与图3显示结果较为一致,IR区域沉积物中抗生素污染情况最为严重,HA区域次之,但总体上4个功能区沉积物中抗生素污染情况差异较小。
3白洋淀不同功能区抗生素污染权重及污染综合评价指数
Tab.3The weights of different regions of Lake Baiyangdian and the comprehensive evaluation index of antibiotic pollution
通过抗生素污染综合评价指数大小对比(表3),结合抗生素空间分布(图4),发现IR区域抗生素污染主要体现在大环内酯类和喹诺酮类含量高[1648]。可能的原因有两方面:首先,环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星和罗红霉素等抗生素使用较为广泛,但人体的吸收效率相对较低[47],因此上述抗生素会通过代谢及其他途径进入污水处理系统中,且在污水处理设施进水中检出浓度普遍偏高[4749-50];其次,目前的污水处理工艺对大环内酯类和喹诺酮类抗生素的去除效率普遍较低,导致其在污水处理厂出水中的检测浓度较高[34749-51]。保定市及其周边县区污水处理厂尾水及各类再生水汇入府河,可能是导致IR区域抗生素含量相对较高的主要原因[52]
对HA、WP和AR这3个区域的抗生素污染水平及其空间分布进行分析发现,3个区域的污染趋势在上覆水和沉积物中表现出显著差异。上覆水中的抗生素污染趋势呈现为AR > WP > HA,这一现象可能是受白洋淀的水文水动力条件影响。白洋淀南、北、西三侧均有河流汇入,而东侧仅存在一条出水通道,导致AR区域存在水流顶托效应。磺胺类抗生素具有较强的亲水性,在水环境中易随水流扩散与迁移,因而在白洋淀水体中的磺胺类抗生素受水流顶托效应影响,易在AR区域积累,导致AR区域磺胺类抗生素含量较高。同样地,WP区域上覆水磺胺类抗生素浓度也呈现较高水平,这可能也是受水流的顶托效应或岸边沉积作用影响。在沉积物中抗生素污染趋势为HA > WP > AR,但区域间差异较小。沉积物中的抗生素污染水平主要受喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗生素含量的影响。HA区域由于村庄密集、人口较多,喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗生素的使用广泛,这些抗生素具有较强的疏水性,易于在沉积物中吸附并较难降解,从而形成了明显的累积效应。此外,AR区域虽然存在一定水平的喹诺酮类抗生素污染,但大环内酯类抗生素的污染却并不显著(图4)。与喹诺酮类抗生素相比,大环内酯类抗生素在水环境中的迁移性较强,若AR区域的喹诺酮类抗生素污染完全由水文水动力条件引起,则这一现象与大环内酯类抗生素污染不显著的情况相矛盾。因此,除了污水排放导致的抗生素污染外,AR区域喹诺酮类抗生素污染较为突出的原因可能存在其他影响因素。考虑到AR区域历史上曾进行强烈的水产养殖活动,而喹诺酮类抗生素广泛用于水产养殖业[45-47],可以推测,水产养殖活动导致的抗生素残留可能是该区域喹诺酮类抗生素污染较为严重的另一个原因[53]
3白洋淀不同功能区上覆水和沉积物中13种抗生素的含量分布(HA、IR、WP、AR代表4个不同功能区,不同的小写字母a、b代表不同分区之间目标抗生素水平的显著差异)
Fig.3Content accumulation of 13 antibiotics in overlying water and sediment in different regions of Lake Baiyangdian (HA, IR, WP, and AR represent four typical functional areas, different letters a and b represent significant differences in antibiotics levels among different subareas)
2.4 白洋淀不同功能区中抗生素的生态风险评价
根据NORMAN数据库淡水生态系统中最低无影响浓度[54-58],基于生态风险熵方法对白洋淀4个功能区共30个采样点上覆水中检出频率>50%的6种抗生素——磺胺甲嘧啶、甲氧苄啶、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、红霉素、罗红霉素的潜在生态风险进行评价,结果显示,所有采样点位上覆水的抗生素RQ均<1,因此均不存在高风险。环丙沙星在50%的点位样本中存在中等风险,罗红霉素在IR1点位存在中等风险,其余抗生素均为低风险或无风险(图5)。对沉积物中检出频率>50%的11种抗生素——磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、甲氧苄啶、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、红霉素、阿奇霉素和罗红霉素的潜在生态风险进行评价,结果表明,沉积物中喹诺酮类抗生素的生态风险较高,其中环丙沙星在WP2点位存在高风险,在66.7%的点位样本中存在中等风险,恩诺沙星在WP2、WP3点位存在高风险,在33.3%的点位样本中存在中等风险,氧氟沙星在HA3点位存在高风险,在40%的点位样本中存在中等风险,诺氟沙星在20%的点位样本中存在中等风险;磺胺类抗生素中磺胺甲嘧啶在16.7%的点位样本中存在中等风险,甲氧苄啶在HA2点位存在中等风险;大环内酯类抗生素中阿奇霉素在10%的点位样本中存在中等风险,其余抗生素均为低风险或无风险(图5)。本研究结果显示,抗生素在上覆水和沉积物中存在的生态风险略有区别,磺胺类和喹诺酮类抗生素RQ从上覆水到沉积物呈上升趋势;大环内酯类抗生素中红霉素和罗红霉素RQ从上覆水到沉积物呈下降趋势。
本研究利用单一抗生素的毒理数据针对抗生素污染对白洋淀可能存在的潜在风险进行了初步评价,白洋淀流域喹诺酮类抗生素尤其是环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和氧氟沙星潜在环境生态风险较高。由于环丙沙星对鱼类造成肝组织毒性,导致器官损伤[59],恩诺沙星具有抑制藻类生长、诱导藻类光合作用过程紊乱等毒理性[60],氧氟沙星存在诱导水生生物氧化应激等作用[61],因此在后续管理中应优先考虑环丙沙星、恩诺沙星及氧氟沙星等喹诺酮类抗生素的风险管控。此外,白洋淀大多数点位的抗生素显示低风险或无风险,由于环境中的抗生素种类并不止本研究所检测的13种,并且抗生素在水环境中可与重金属或溶解性有机质作用产生联合毒性[62-63],因此其生态风险仍需持续关注。
4白洋淀上覆水和沉积物中抗生素的空间分布
Fig.4Distribution of antibiotics in overlying water and sediment of Lake Baiyangdian
3 结论
本研究调查了禁止水产养殖后白洋淀不同功能区上覆水和沉积物中抗生素的空间分布特征,分别检出了喹诺酮类、磺胺类和大环内酯类3类的12和13种抗生素。其中,白洋淀上覆水抗生素浓度为15.52~256.72 ng/L,沉积物中抗生素含量为0.63~58.56 ng/g。通过与国内典型湖泊抗生素污染情况进行比较,本研究检出的白洋淀抗生素污染处于偏低水平。通过与历史研究的对比研究发现,禁止水产养殖后白洋淀不论是上覆水还是沉积物中抗生素的污染状况均有明显改善。此外,通过G1法对不同功能区赋权并构建白洋淀的抗生素综合污染评价体系,结果发现府河入淀区抗生素污染突出,推测污水处理厂尾水排放为淀区上覆水和沉积物中抗生素的主要污染来源。环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和氧氟沙星对白洋淀水生态环境仍具有潜在的较高风险,需要加以关注。
5白洋淀上覆水和沉积物中抗生素的生态风险熵值(RQ)分布
Fig.5Distribution of antibiotic ecological risk (RQ) in overlying water and sediment of Lake Baiyangdian
4 附录
附件以及附表Ⅰ和Ⅱ见电子版(DOI: 10.18307/2025.0627)。
1白洋淀采样点分布
Fig.1Location of sampling sites in Lake Baiyangdian
2白洋淀不同功能区上覆水和沉积物中3大类抗生素的相对占比
Fig.2Relative proportions of the three types of antibiotics in overlying water and sediment in different regions of Lake Baiyangdian
3白洋淀不同功能区上覆水和沉积物中13种抗生素的含量分布(HA、IR、WP、AR代表4个不同功能区,不同的小写字母a、b代表不同分区之间目标抗生素水平的显著差异)
Fig.3Content accumulation of 13 antibiotics in overlying water and sediment in different regions of Lake Baiyangdian (HA, IR, WP, and AR represent four typical functional areas, different letters a and b represent significant differences in antibiotics levels among different subareas)
4白洋淀上覆水和沉积物中抗生素的空间分布
Fig.4Distribution of antibiotics in overlying water and sediment of Lake Baiyangdian
5白洋淀上覆水和沉积物中抗生素的生态风险熵值(RQ)分布
Fig.5Distribution of antibiotic ecological risk (RQ) in overlying water and sediment of Lake Baiyangdian
1白洋淀上覆水和沉积物的抗生素检测频率及浓度
Tab.1Summary of antibiotics detection frequencies and concentrations in overlying water and sediment of Lake Baiyangdian
2白洋淀2010、2018、2019、2021年及2023年上覆水和沉积物中抗生素赋存情况
Tab.2Occurrence of antibiotics in overlying water and sediment of Lake Baiyangdian in 2010, 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2023
3白洋淀不同功能区抗生素污染权重及污染综合评价指数
Tab.3The weights of different regions of Lake Baiyangdian and the comprehensive evaluation index of antibiotic pollution
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