The effects of ¹⁴C pool are highly concerned because it affects the accuracy of ¹⁴C dating that limits the use of sediment in lake studies. However, the ¹⁴C cycling mechanisms are still debating, largely due to a lack of investigation into the effects of modern ¹⁴C pool. Lake Bosten in Xinjiang, situated in a typical westerly circulation zone, has high sediment concentration, and is an ideal location to study this issue due to its significant effect of ¹⁴C pool. However, previous studies on Lake Bosten mainly focused on past effects of ¹⁴C pool, heavily influenced by sediment processes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of modern ¹⁴C pool for typical surface sediments of freshwater in Lake Bosten. By combining ¹⁴C dating results with isotopic geochemistry, hydrochemistry, and other methods, the study determined that the maximum modern carbon pool age in Lake Bosten was 3535 years, and the minimum was 670-945 years. Past carbon pool effects were concentrated between 1033-2200 years. The deepwater area exhibited a smaller and more stable carbon pool age, while the carbon pool effect was highest in the lake inlet and lowest in the shallow water area with abundant aquatic plants. Compared with the past carbon pool age, the modern carbon pool effect was generally younger. The study found that the Lake Bosten inlet was influenced by external "dead" carbon, the deepwater area was impacted by differences in the exchange rate of lake water and atmospheric CO₂, and the shallow water area with abundant aquatic plants may be affected by photosynthesis of aquatic plants. Additionally, nuclear explosion effects also influenced the modern carbon pool effect of Lake Bosten, leading to a potential age error of approximately 1000 years. Finally, by correcting the difference between the average pMC value of the deepwater area and the atmospheric carbon activity (about 18%), the study determined that the deepwater sediment in Lake Bosten has a modern carbon pool effect of about 846 years, which was further corrected for nuclear explosion effects to determine that the highest ¹⁴C pool effect in Lake Bosten is about 1800 years.