Understanding the evolution of the lake ecosystem and their response to climate change and human activities on the long-term scale is important for making social adaptation policies. Current research methods, such as in-situ observations and enclosure experiment, can well reveal the succession and change process of lake ecosystem during the past few decades, but cannot provide the change of lake ecosystem or its response to climate change and human activities in the historical period. Paleolimnology can provide valuable information for the study of long-term changes of lake ecosystem and its response to climate and environment changes. Here, we took Dagze Co, a fishless lake in the central Tibetan Plateau as the research object. Firstly, Daphnia tibetana remains abundance, and total alkenone content in the lake sediment cores were analysed to reconstruct the plankton records of the past 1000 years. Then, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic carbon were analysed to reconstruct the nutrients and organic matter records of the lake during the past 1000 years. Lastly, paleotemperature record reconstructed by the unsaturation index of long-chain alkenones in the sediment core of Dagze Co obtained in previous work were combined to study the ecosystem changes and their response mechanisms to the evolution of climate and environment in the past 1000 years. The results show that the lake ecosystem, especially lake productivity, has significant changes under the influence of natural conditions and human activities. Under the natural conditions, the higher primary and secondary productivity of the lake occurs when the temperature is lower, and the nutrient content of the lake is higher. However, in the past 150 years, the lake environment was significantly affected by human activities, and lake productivity changed accordingly. The higher lake productivity occurred in the period of high temperature, which was mainly controlled by the nutrient element content brought by human activities. The results show that the lake ecosystem has changed significantly under the influence of human activities.