With the rapid development of the economy and society, the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs in China is becoming increasingly serious. Satellite remote sensing has a great potential in the monitoring of water nutrient status, but little research exists on the monitoring and analysis of the water trophic status of lakes and reservoirs on a nationwide scale based on satellite remote sensing. In this study, MODIS data from summer 2018 was used to produce FUI index products, construction of evaluation method of lake and reservoir nutrition state based on FUI water color index and monitored the trophic status of 144 key lakes and reservoirs in China. The results show that the proportion of oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic lakes and reservoirs is 16%, 24%, and 60%, respectively. The proportion of eutrophication is very high; the spatial distribution of trophic status is uneven, and the overall eutrophication is higher in the east than the west. Most reservoirs and lakes in the northeast and the east are eutrophic. The water bodies of western lakes are mostly oligotrophic to mesotrophic, an especially high percentage of oligotrophic in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Natural factors such as altitude and surface temperature, industrial point source, and agricultural non-point source pollution are important factors influencing the trophic state of lakes and reservoirs.