Based on the precise measurement and correction of AMS ¹⁴C dating ages combined with the analysis and research of environmental proxies such as grain-size, magnetic susceptibility from the lake sedimentary records of JZ-2010 section in the Jianghan Plain of Hubei Province, this paper reconstructs the sedimentary paleoenvironment of the study area during last 12.76 cal ka BP:1) 12.76-6.70 cal ka BP. All the proxies show that sedimentary grain size gradually turned fine, which reflects a period of high water level and extended lake area. The regional environment turned from dry Late Glacial to fairly wet Early Holocene, characterized with transition and fluctuation. 2) 6.70-4.47 cal ka BP. The regional environment is moist in the whole phase, which is the Holocene Optimum with optimal moist. The regional environment is the natural background of Daxi Culture transitioning to Qujialing Culture, moreover human settling into the heart area of Jianghan Plain. 3) 4.47-3.67 cal ka BP. The regional environment is in dry conditions. Among this stage, all the proxies distinctively figured out the global 4.2 cal ka BP dry event in the Jianghan Plain. 4) 3.67-1.22 cal ka BP. Regional environment became wet again and hydrodynamic conditions obviously stronger around 2.5 cal ka BP which correspondence to the ancient Yunmeng Marsh expansion recorded in Pre-Qin historical documents. 5) Since 1.22 cal ka BP, lakes in Jianghan Plain have shrunk showing relatively dry environment conditions. These environmental changes appeared to be largely caused by anthropogenic factor and reached its peak during the Tang and Song Dynasty. Settlement development and agricultural activities such as reclaiming farmland has also been one of the important reasons reduced the lakes area of Jianghan Plain.